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Place Names of the High Sierra (1926)
by Francis P. Farquhar

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• Title Page
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• Table of Contents
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• Introduction
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• Place Names of the High Sierrar [with an added index map to Sierra Nevada 30' topo maps]r

  r [r A,r B,r C,r D,r E,r F,r G,r H,r I,r J,r K,r L,r M,r N,r O,r P,r Q,r R,r S,r T,r U,r V,r W,r Y, &r Z.r ]r

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• Supplementary Biographiesr

  r r [r James Adams,r Jesse Agnew,r Thomas Ayres,r William Badè,r John Boling,r Kit Carson,r Alfred Craven,r George Davidson,r Gustavus Eisen,r John Fremont,r William Greeley,r Walter Huber,r James Lamon,r Washington Lewis,r Robert Marshall,r François Matthes,r Tredwell Moore,r Robert Price,r Paul Redington,r James Savage,r Jedediah Smith,r Theodore Solomons,r Gabriel Sovulewski,r George Stewart,r Clair Tappaan,r George Wheeler,r John White,r Elisha Winchell,r Lilbourne Winchell,r andr Thérèse Yelverton.r ]r r

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• List of Maps
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• Publications of the Sierra Club
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About the Author

r r r Francis P. Farquhar was born in Newton, Massachusetts in Dec. 31, 1887.r He graduated from Harvard and came to San Francisco to set up practice as a CPA.r He married his wife Marjory Bridge in 1934 and they had two sons and a daughter.r Francis Farquhar was an active Sierra Club leader and served as its president 1933-1935r and 1948-1949, Sierra Club Bulletin editor from 1926 to 1946,r and served in other club offices as director from 1924 to 1951.r Mr. Farquhar was a mountaineer who introduced proper use of rope tor Sierra Club members on a club trip in 1931.r He has made multiple first ascents, including the Middle Palisades in 1921.r Mr. Farquhar is the author of several books and wrote the foreword for other books.r He is best known for his bookr r History of the Sierra Nevada (1946),r which is still in print.r He died Nov. 21, 1974 in Berkeley, California.r His wife Marjory died 1999 in San Francisco.r Mt. Francis Farquhar (12,893'), located 1.6 miles NW of Mt. Brewerr in Kings Canyon National Park, was named in honor of him.r

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• r r Biographical sketch (Bancroft Library)r
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• r Francis Farquhar Obituaryr (Sierra Club Bulletin)r
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• r “Exploration of the Sierra Nevada”r by Francis P. Farquhar (1925)r
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Bibliographical Information

r Francis Peloubet Farquhar (1887 - 1974),r Place Names of the High Sierrar (San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1926)r LCCN 26-013444.r x+128 pages. 25 cm.r Library of Congress call number F868.S5 S47b no. 62.r Originally published in the Sierra Club Bulletinr for 1923, 1924, and 1925.r Revised and enlarged for publication in book form.r 1000 copies printed, 200 in rag paper.r Half Morocco and board cover, wood veneer pattern endpapers.r Printed wrappers.r No copyright.r

r Digitized by Dan Anderson, October 2004, from a copy at ther UCLA Young Research Library.r These files may be used for any non-commercial purpose,r provided this notice is left intact.r
r     —Dan Anderson, www.yosemite.ca.usr

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r r r r History of the Sierra Nevadar r r by Francis Farquhar   (Paperback, 1965)r r r r Buy this book at Amazon.comr r

r r r r Place Names of the Sierra Nevadar r r by Peter Browning   (Paperback, 1991)r r r r Buy this book at Amazon.comr r

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r PLACE NAMESr
r OF THE HIGH SIERRAr

r Byr
r r Francis P. Farquharr r

r  r

r San Franciscor
r PUBLISHED BY SIERRA CLUBr
r 1926r

r Publications of the Sierra Club No. 62r r The edition consists ofr
r 1000 copies, of which this is one of 200 printed on all-rag paper.r

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r Printed by Taylor & Taylor, San Franciscor

r tor
r Joseph Nisbet LeConter
r mountaineer and explorerr
r of the high sierrar
r r

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Place Names of the High Sierra (1926)
by Francis P. Farquhar

CONTENTS

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Place Names of the High Sierra (1926)
by Francis P. Farquhar

INTRODUCTION

r Ther mountain range that forms the eastern wall of the greatr interior valley of California became definitely known to whiter men for the first time in 1776, when Padre Garcés visited the Indianr rancherias on the eastern side of the Tulare Valley. The knowledger of the Spaniards was limited to distant views of the snow-cappedr peaks and to the lower courses of the rivers that flow from them. Tor these rivers they gave names that in later years were applied to theirr upper reaches.r

r Indians lived along the rivers and had summer camps in ther mountains. They traded back and forth with tribes on the easternr side of the range. But so far as can be discovered they had no specificr names for places in the High Sierra. Most of the Indian names outsider of the lower cañons have been bestowed by white men. Attemptsr to interpret such names poetically are likely to lead one astray fromr the true character of the Indian significance. The thoughts of theser California tribes were largely concerned with the functions of everydayr life, with animals, and with legends in which animals played ar principal part.r

r The American trappers reached the vicinity of the Sierra Nevadar in 1826, and for a decade looked it over, not finding it very productiver in furs. They were the first to cross the range, however;r Jedediah S. Smith making the first passage in 1827, from west to east,r and Joseph R. Walker crossing in 1833 in the opposite direction.r

r The nomenclature of the Sierra, other than the Spanish and Indianr names for the rivers, begins with the exploring expeditions ofr Fremont in the ’40s, when the names of members of the party werer given to several of the rivers and passes. Then suddenly came ther discovery of gold, bringing a throng of adventurous prospectors.r The wonders of Yosemite and the Big Trees became known. Knowledger of the resources of the state became an important matter, and ar state geological survey was authorized.r

r The State Geological Survey under Whitney explored the Sierrar Nevada from one end to the other, placing names upon the prominentr peaks and mapping the principal features. There were fewr local names, as there were few local people to give them, so namesr had to be supplied. For the most part the names of persons connectedr r r r with the survey or the names of men of science were selected.r This practice, begun by Fremont and extended by the Whitney Survey,r has been continued to the present time, with the result that ar large portion of the names in the Sierra Nevada are names ofr persons.r

r While there are some objections to this practice, it is, nevertheless,r not without its advantages. In the nomenclature of the Sierra wer find preserved a great deal of its history, and this history becomesr more interesting as we discover the varied personalities of those whor have taken part in it. It is with the hope of preserving to some extentr these personalities that ther biographical datar in this book haver been compiled. Not a great deal can be said about a man in ther few lines available for each of these names, yet some conception canr be obtained from even a bare statement of the episodes of his career..r The f act that an army officer, well known in his later years as ar colonel or general, was but a second lieutenant just out of the Militaryr Academy when he took part in exploring the mountain passes isr worth keeping in mind. In the same way, the personality of a manr of science becomes more vivid if we know that he received academicr honors from many institutions.r

r It is unfortunate that we cannot have more knowledge of the old-timersr who spent summer after summer in the High Sierra. Theirr characters are scarcely indicated by the brief biographical factsr available. Many of them are far more deserving of place names inr their own mountains than are the casual visitors from cities. Fortunatelyr they are well represented in the mountain meadows andr streams.r

r This record of the origin and significance of the place names ofr the High Sierra was begun in 1919 as the result of numerous inquiriesr passed around camp-fires on trips in the mountains. Whatr at first seemed like a simple task grew into quite a formidable undertaking,r largely due to the variety of the sources of information.r After a while, however, there seemed to be a sufficient volume ofr data to make it worth while to publish it, and it was presented inr three installments in the Sierra Club Bulletins of 1923, 1924, andr 1925. With the publication of this material, corrections and additionsr began to come in and new sources of information opened up.r The volume of material has more than doubled, and it has seemedr worth while to issue it in the more permanent form of a book.r

r Acknowledgments of the sources of information are in most instancesr given with the data themselves. In references to publicationsr I have endeavored to be specific, in order that others may ber led as directly as possible to the original sources. These references,r moreover, furnish a fairly comprehensive bibliography. A great dealr of the information has been obtained directly from persons having ar first-hand knowledge. Forr biographical data I have consultedr “Who’s Who in America,” “Engineering Who’s Who,” Heitman’sr “Historical Register of the United States Army,” the official Armyr registers, catalogues of graduates of universities, and other referencer books.r

r I cannot adequately express my appreciation of the generous assistancer that I have had in the preparation of this book. Most ofr those who have helped are, like myself, enthusiastic lovers of ther Sierra, and will take some satisfaction in having had a part in thisr co-operative effort to make the region better known and more interestingr to those who visit it. It is impossible to mention all of them,r but to several of them who have rendered abundant and continuousr assistance some special acknowledgment is due.r

r I have been especially fortunate in having the constant co-operationr of Professor J. N. Le Conte, who probably has a more intimater acquaintance with the High Sierra than any other person. Mr.r Theodore S. Solomons, Colonel N. F. McClure, the late Colonelr Harry C. Benson, the late Mr. George R. Davis, Mr. W. A. Chalfant,r Mr. Lilbourne A. Winchell, Mr. Walter L. Huber, and Colonelr George W. Stewart have responded repeatedly to calls for informationr and have taken a most encouraging interest in the progress ofr the work. The assistance of Colonel R. B. Marshall, formerly Chiefr Geographer of the United States Geological Survey, has been especiallyr valuable. Mr. Chester Versteeg, of Los Angeles, has mostr generously placed at my disposal a great deal of interesting informationr that he has been gathering from pioneer residents of the Sierrar foothills with a view to publishing a book on the Sierra Nevada.r This has added substantially to the volume and reliability of ther data upon which I have drawn. I also want to express to Mr. Georger P. Vance, reader for the printers, my appreciation of his assistancer in reading the proof. Because of his long association with ther Sierra Club Bulletin as proof-reader, Mr. Vance has been able to offerr many helpful suggestions. It is worthy of observation that he readr r r r the proof of the first number of the Sierra Club Bulletin, publishedr in 1893.r

r In order to keep the work within bounds, the region of the Highr Sierra included in this volume has been limited on the north by ther divide separating the Tuolumne from the Stanislaus watershed, andr on the south by the vicinity of Olancha Peak. In a few instances,r names are found beyond these boundaries. From the Stanislausr River, north, the origins of place names are largely from sourcesr quite different from those included in this book and might properlyr form the subject of a separate publication.r

r Completeness in a work of this character is out of the question.r Many names are excluded because they are commonplace or obvious;r others because no reliable information seems obtainable; and othersr simply because of lack of time to run down promising clues. Newr information will continue to appear, and no doubt some of it willr disclose errors in what is already published. Nevertheless, a substantialr portion of the ground has been covered, and reasonabler care has been exercised in establishing authority for the facts.r

r Supplementary to the place names there are presented a fewr biographiesr of persons who have played important parts in ther history of the High Sierra, but for whom no places have been named.r This list could, of course, be expanded indefinitely, but has beenr confined to a few representative individuals concerning whom datar could be obtained. There is added a list of mapsr showing the developmentr of the nomenclature of the High Sierra. Finally, a tabler of the publications of the Sierra Clubr is given for the purpose ofr increasing the facility of looking up references.r

r Francis P. Farquhar.r

r San Francisco, April, 1926.r

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Place Names of the High Sierra (1926)
by Francis P. Farquhar

r PLACE NAMES OF THE HIGH SIERRAr

PLACE NAMES OF THE HIGH SIERRA

r r The names in brackets at the right of the place names refer to the quadranglesr of the United States Geological Survey topographic maps upon whichr the names occur. The full titles of these quadrangles will be found in ther list of maps at the end of the book. Figures in parentheses Following ther names of mountains are the altitudes in feet above sea-level, as given on ther U. S. G. S. maps. Sources of information are indicated by names of personsr or publications in parentheses. References to publications are usually to ther earliest edition in which the information is to be found. Abbreviations haver been generally avoided, but U. S. G. S. is used for United States Geologicalr Survey; U. S. A., for United States Army; S. C. B., for Sierra Club Bulletin.r r

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r [Editor’s note:r for the convenience of modern readers, who don’t have access to 30' topographic maps,r I prepared the following index map of the early 19th century topo maps of ther Sierra Nevada, California.r This map does not appear in the original printed edition—DEA.]r r

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Place Names of the High Sierra (1926)
by Francis P. Farquhar

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r Henry Larcom. Abbot, born in Massachusetts, 1831; still living in Cambridge,r Mass., 1925; graduated U. S. Military Academy, second lieutenant,r 1854; captain, 1862; major, 1865; lieutenant-colonel, 1880; colonel, 1886;r major-general of volunteers, 1865; retired, 1895; brigadier-general, retired,r 1904; LL.D., Harvard, 1886; joint author, with Captain Andrew Atkinsonr Humphreys, of the classic Report on the Physics and Hydraulics of ther Mississippi River, 1861; member of the Williamson party of the Pacific Railroadr Surveys in California and Oregon, 1855.r First ascent by Joseph N. Le Conte, James S. Hutchinson, Duncan McDuffie,r July 13, 1908. (S.C.B., 1909, VII:1, p. 13.) Second ascent 1922, byr William H. Staniels and party. (California Alpine Club Trails, 1922, II:1,r pp. 57-58.)r

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r “The valley has always been known to them, and is to this day, when speakingr among themselves, as A-wa'ni. This, it is true, is only the name of one ofr the ancient villages which it contained; but by prominence it gave its name tor the valley, and, in accordance with Indian usage almost everywhere, to the inhabitantsr of the same.” (Powers:r r Tribes of California, in Contributions tor North American Ethnology, III, 1877, p. 361.)r

r [Editor’s note:r For the origin of the word Ahwahnee seer r “Origin of the Word Yosemite.”—DEA]r

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r “It is suggested that ‘Alta Peak’ be substituted as a name for what is denominatedr Tharp’s Peak on the present club map. It is a most conspicuousr crag eastward from the Giant Forest as seen from Three Rivers. We climbedr it in 1896, when, so far as we knew, it had no name. The name Alta Peakr then given from the long-named Alta Meadow on its slope, has been almostr universally adopted by the Three Rivers people and the frequenters of Giantr Forest.” (William R. Dudley, in S.C.B., 1903, IV:4, pp. 306-307.)r

r A prominent crag, forming part of Alta Peak, has since been known asr Tharps Rock.r

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r Arndt crossed from Slide Cañon to Tiltill Valley in September, 1893, andr found a route from Matterhorn Cañon to Hetch Hetchy Valley. (S.C.B., 1895,r I:5, p. 168.)r

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r “The Atwell mill has started again, and is fast denuding that vicinity of ar most beautiful grove of sequoias. The property is leased for three years yet,r and the rent is a certain percentage on the lumber actually cut, really settingr a premium on the death of the big trees; and for what purpose? Only to maker shingles, posts, and flume boards! This estate should be acquired by ther Government at once, and thus save this most beautiful sequoia grove.” (Reportr of the Acting Superintendent of the Sequoia and General Grant Nationalr Parks, 1899, [Henry B. Clark, 2nd Lt., 3rd Artillery, U.S.A., p. 7.)r

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Place Names of the High Sierra (1926)
by Francis P. Farquhar

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r First ascent by Willard D. Johnson and John Miller, August 26, 1883.r (S.C.B., 1905, V:3, p. 193.)r

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r Named by C. Mulholland and W. L. Hunter, who, with John and Williamr Hunter, made the first ascent, September 25, 1892. (S.C.B., 1894, I:3, pp.r 85-89.)r

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r George Cahoon owned the burro, named Barney. Barney came into campr one day bloody and torn. Men followed back along the bloody tracks and camer to the scene of the battle. It was apparent that there had been a struggle, andr it seemed most probable that the lion had been injured by kicks or biting andr had crawled off to the stream where it was drowned in the high water, leavingr the burro victorious.r

r Walter Fry says that Cahoon found the lion dead from the effects of ther wounds.r

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r “We now descend to Bearskin Meadow, a sheet of purple-topped grassesr enameled with violets, gilias, larkspurs, potentillas, ivesias, columbine, etc.;r parnassia and sedges in the wet places, and majestic trees crowding forwardr in proud array to form a curving border, while Little Boulder Creek, a streamr twenty feet wide, goes humming and swirling merrily through the middle ofr it.” (Muir: A Rival of the Yosemite, in Century Magazine, November, 1891,r p. 79.)r

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r Name given in 1895. (H. C. Benson.)r

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r John Crabtree and Bill Corse had a mine on the cast side of the Greatr Western Divide which they named Jenny Lind Mine; they called the creekr Jenny Lind Creek. (G. W. Stewart.)r

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r This name appears to antedate the namer Dollar Laker found on mostr maps. The latter name, if given because of the supposed shape of the lake, isr inappropriate, because the lake is decidedly irregular in contour and considerablyr longer than it is wide. (F. P. Farquhar.)r

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r “Nor must we pass unseen the sturdy, branch-topped, and root-cut veteranr of a noble and enormous oak; Quercus lobata; some eleven feet in diameter,r now prostrate, on our right; as it was from this once famous tree that ‘Bigr Oak Flat,’ the village through which we pass, and the route, received theirr name.” (Hutchings:r In the Heart of the Sierras,r In the Heart of the Sierras,r 1886, p. 323.)r

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r The Sierra Nevada Mountain Sheep (Ovis canadensis sierrae) has notr been seen in the Sierra for a number of years, although possibly a few bandsr remain in the southern portion or on the eastern slope of the range.r

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r The creek was probably the first feature to receive the name; later it wasr applied to the pass and to the town of Bishop.r

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r First ascent by George R. Davis, U.S.G.S., 1905. (Letter from G. R. Davisr to W. L. Huber, September 14, 1916.)r

r BLACK KAWEAH (See Kaweah Peaks)r

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r “It was known and traveled as a pass by wild animals and the Indians longr before its discovery by white men in the gold year of 1858, as is shown by oldr trails which come together at the head of it. The name may have been suggestedr by the red color of the metamorphic slates in which the cañon abounds,r or by the blood-stains on the rocks from unfortunate animals that were compelledr to slide and shuffle over the sharp-angled boulders.” (Muir:r r My First Summer in the Sierra, 1911, p. 289.r —See, also,r Picturesque California,r edited byr John Muir, 1888, vol. I, pp. 24, 28.)r

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r First ascent by Chester Versteeg and Rudolph Berls, August 14, 1922.r

r Bolton Coit Brown, professor of drawing and painting at Stanford University,r 1891-1902, wrote a series of articles for Sierra Club Bulletin describingr his explorations and climbs in the Sierra: Three Days with Mt. King,r 1896, I:7, pp. 241-253; A Trip About the Headwaters of the South and Middler Forks of Kings River, 1896, I:8, pp. 293-313; Wanderings in the High Sierrar Between Mt. King and Mt. Williamson, 1897, II:1, pp. 17-28, and 1897, II:2,r pp. 90-98; Another Paradise, 1900, III:2, pp. 135-149; A Glimpse of ther Winter Sierra, 1901, III:3, pp. 242-248.r

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r 1886; B.D., Yale, 1871; missionary to Siam, 1871-1874; taught at Oaklandr High School, 1875-1882; at University of California since 1882; professor ofr rhetoric, 1894-1911; professor emeritus since 1911; a charter member of ther Sierra Club.r

r Named by Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. Price and Joseph C. Shinn, who mader first ascent, July 5, 1898. (S.C.B., 1899, II:5, p. 273.)r

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r Named by members of Brewer’s party, 1864. (Whitney Survey: Geology,r 1865, p. 378.)r

r First ascent by William H. Brewer and Charles F. Hoffmann, July 2, 1864.r (Whitney Survey: Geology, 1865, p. 379; King:r Mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada,r 1872, pp. 52-56; S.C.B., 1896, I:7, p. 289; S.C.B., 1922, XI:3, p. 252.)r

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r “Po'ho-no, Po-ho'nor (though the first is probably more correct.)” (Powers:r r Tribes of California, in Contributions to North American Ethnology, III, 1877,r r r r r p. 363.) The Indian name, has been commented upon by Hutchings, Bunnell,r Whitneyr (Yosemite Guide Book,r 1870, p. 16), and many others. Kroeber says:r “Pohono Falls, in Yosemite Valley, appears to be of Miwok Indian origin.r These Indians, however, do not recognize the often-quoted meaning ‘evil wind,’r and connect the word rather with Pohonichi, the Yokuts’ name of a Miwokr group in the vicinity, in which -chi is an ending denoting ‘people.’” (Kroeber:r California Place Names of Indian Origin,r 1916, p. 55.) (Seer Pohono Trail.)r

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r David Colbert Broderick; born in Ireland, 1820; U. S. Senator from California,r 1857-1859; killed in duel with David S. Terry, 1859.r

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Place Names of the High Sierra (1926)
by Francis P. Farquhar

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r First ascent, August 11, 1922, by George Downing, Jr. (S.C.B., 1923, XI:4,r p. 425.)r

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r Castilleia, or castilleia, is the botanical name for the Indian paintbrush.r

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r “No wonder the hills and groves were God’s first temples, and the morer they are cut down and hewn into cathedrals and churches, the farther off andr dimmer seems the Lord himself. The same may be said of stone temples.r Yonder, to the eastward of our camp grove, stands one of Nature’s cathedrals,r hewn from the living rock, almost conventional in form, about two thousandr feet high, nobly adorned with spires and pinnacles, thrilling under floods ofr sunshine as if alive like a grove-temple, and well named ‘Cathedral’.” (Muir:r r My First Summer in the Sierra, 1911, p. 196.)r

r John Muir climbed to the topmost spire, September 7, 1869. (Muir:r r My First Summer in the Sierra, 1911, p. 332.)r

r Theodore S. Solomons describes an ascent in 1897. (S.C.B., 1901, III:3,r p. 236.)r

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r The name is spelled “Sha-goo-pah” by Wallace; also in Elliott’sr Guide to the Grand and Sublime Scenery of the Sierra Nevadar (1883), where it is saidr to be the Indian name of Mount Williamson (pp. 38-39).r

r Kroeber says the meaning is unknown, but the name is almost certainly ar Mono word. (Kroeber:r California Place Names of Indian Origin, 1916, p. 38.)r

r “We have mapped it as the Chagoopah Plateau, as it is traversed by ther r r r creek forming the Chagoopah Falls.” (William R. Dudley, in S.C.B., 1898,r II:3, p. 187.)r

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r “But that other cliff, Odysseus, thou shalt note, lying lower, hard by ther first: thou couldest send an arrow across. . . . and beneath it mighty Charybdisr sucks down black water, for thrice a day she spouts it forth, and thrice ar day she sucks it down in terrible wise.’”r (The Odyssey of Homer, Done into English Prose,r by S. H. Butcher and A. Lang, 1883, book XII, p. 195.)r

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r Chittenden is best known for his history, “American Fur Trade in the Farr West,” and for his many years’ connection with Yellowstone National Park,r where he rendered distinguished service in construction of roads and bridges.r

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r “At the northeast extremity of the Merced group is the grand peak to whichr we first gave the name of the ‘Obelisk,’ from its peculiar shape, as seen fromr the region north of the Yosemite. It has, since then, been named Mount Clark,r While the range to which it belongs is sometimes called the Obelisk Group, but,r r r r r oftener, the Merced Group, because the branches of that river head around it.”r (Whitney:r Yosemite Guide Book,r 1870, p. 108.)r

r First ascent by Clarence King and James T. Gardiner, July 12, 1866. (King:r Mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada,r 1872, pp. 197-205.)r

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r “I named it ‘The Cloud Mine’ because the clouds hung so low overhead. Atr the same time I named the creek Cloud Creek and put the name in my notebook.r I often referred to my mine as being up in the clouds. . . . The claim Ir had recorded on my return to Visalia as the ‘Cloud Claim’.” (Letter fromr judge William B. Wallace, in S.C.B., 1924, XII:1, pp. 47-48.) The eventr occurred in 1880.r

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r The meadow on Evolution Creek was named by members of the U. S. Forestr Service engaged in building the John Muir Trail in 1915.r

r The mountain, overlooking the Tuolumne Cañon above Muir Gorge, wasr named by R. B. Marshall, U.S.G.S. (R. B. Marshall.)r

r The pass was named by a Sierra Club party, July 13, 1912, upon discoveringr it as a promising route for animals between Kern and Roaring rivers.r Colby was leader of that party, and subsequently did much to explore approachesr and encourage attempts at crossing. The first-known crossing byr saddle- and pack-animals was on August 5, 1920, by a party including Duncanr McDuffie, James S. Hutchinson, Ernest McKee, and others. (S.C.B., 1921,r XI:2, pp. 128-129.) There is evidence that the pass was used by sheepmenr many years before. (S.C.B., 1900, III:2, p. 167.)r

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r “Its prime mission is to insure its members against want, or fear of want,r by providing comfortable homes, ample sustenance, educational and recreativer facilities, and to promote and maintain harmonious social relations, on ther solid and grand basis of liberty, equality, and fraternity. The much-vexedr question as to why it is that those who do the work of the world do not enjoyr its fruits, and the remedy therefor, is solved for the first time in the history ofr the world at Kaweah.” (The Kaweah Commonwealth, November, 1889.)r

r Construction of a road to Giant Forest was begun in 1886 and completedr as far as Colony Mill in 1890. The establishment of Sequoia National Parkr put an end to aspirations for the Giant Forest. The history of the Colony wasr marked by fraudulent misrepresentation on the part of the promoters, allegedr dishonesty among the managers, and dissension among the members. Ther organization collapsed in 1891, leaving a few innocent idealists as victims.r (George W. Stewart, in Weekly Visalia Delta, November and December, 1891;r Burnette G. Haskell, in Out West, September, 1902.)r

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r Two varieties of columbine, Aquilegia truncata and Aquilegia pubescens,r are found in the High Sierra. The flowers of the former are scarlet, tingedr with yellow; of the latter, cream yellow, varying occasionally to white or tor shades of red, pink, or purple. (Jepson:r Manual of the Flowering Plants of California, 1925, p. 375.)r

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r “Mount Conness bears the name of a distinguished citizen of California,r now a United States Senator, who deserves more than any other person, ther credit of carrying the bill, organizing the Geological Survey of California,r through the Legislature.” (Whitney:r Yosemite Guide Book,r 1870, p. 100.)r

r “I recognized the old familiar summit . . . and that firm peak with titanr strength and brow so square and solid, it seems altogether natural we shouldr have named it for California’s statesman, John Conness.” (King:r Mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada,r 1872, p. 267.)r

r The members of the Whitney Survey were naturally appreciative of Senatorr Conness for helping their cause. Excepting for this mountain, however, hisr name has almost faded from history along with the names of other partyr politicians.r

r First ascent by Clarence King and James T. Gardiner, 1864. (Whitney:r Yosemite Guide Book,r 1870, p. 103.) Occupied as a survey station by Lieutenantr M. M. Macomb and party, of the Wheeler Survey, September 25, 1878.r (S.C.B., 1918, X:3, plate CCXIX.) Occupied by U. S. Coast and Geodetic Surveyr in 1879, 1887, and 1890. (George Davidson:r The Occupation of Mount Conness, inr Overland Monthly, February, 1892, p. 116.)r

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r Charles Converse took up timberlands here in the ’70s. He had come tor California in 1849, and was in the vicinity of Millerton about 1852. He ran ar ferry across the San Joaquin at what is now Friant until 1869. Built the firstr jail in Fresno County, and was the first person confined in it. (L. A. Winchell,r George W. Stewart.)r

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r The Indian name of the lake was Wit-sa-nap, according to Mrs. A. A.r Forbes, of Bishop. (S.C.B., 1913, IX:1, p. 55.)r

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r (Hutchings:r In the Heart of the Sierras,r 1886, pp. 287-288;r Report of the Commission on Roads in Yosemite National Park, California,r dated Decemberr 4, 1899—[Colonel Samuel Mather Mansfield, Captain Harry C. Benson,r J. L. Maude, commissioners.] Senate Document No. 155, 56th Congress, 1str Session, 1900.)r

r Coulterville named for George W. Coulter, a pioneer of the Tuolumne-Mercedr region; one of the first commissioners appointed to manage the Yosemiter Valley grant, 1864.r

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r The mountain coyote (Canis latrans lestis) has a wide range throughout ther Sierra. (Grinnell and Storer: Animal Life in the Yosemite, 1924, pp. 71-76.)r

r The coyote figures prominently in the myths of the California Indians, particularlyr in creation myths. (Powers:r r Tribes of California, in Contributionsr to North American Ethnology, III, 1877.—r Merriam:r The Dawn of the World,r 1910.—r Kroeber: Indian Myths of South Central California, inr University of California Publications—American Archaeology and Ethnology,r IV:4, 1907.)r

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r “It is often visited by blue cranes to rest and feed on their long journeys.”r (Muir:r r My First Summer in the Sierra, 1911, p. 122.)r

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Place Names of the High Sierra (1926)
by Francis P. Farquhar

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r In 1889 J. N. Le Conte copied from a record that he found on the summitr the following: “State Geological Survey, June 28, 1863. J. D. Whitney, W. H.r Brewer, Charles F. Hoffmann, ascended this mountain June 28th and againr the 29th. We give the name of Mount Dana to it in honor of J. D. Dana, ther most eminent American geologist. Approximate height 13,126 ft.” (S.C.B.,r 1922, XI:3, p. 247.)r

r Although this is the first recorded ascent, it is possible that it had beenr climbed previously, as Whitney spoke of it as an easy trip for tourists. (Whitneyr Survey: Geology, 1865, p. 435.)r

r John Muir climbed Mount Dana in 1869. (Muir:r r My First Summer in the Sierra, 1911, p. 320.)r

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r Named in 1895 by Theodore S. Solomons as the highest summit of ther “Evolution Group.” Solomons and E. C. Bonner attempted the ascent, but didr not reach the summit. (Appalachia, 1896, VIII:1, p. 50.)r

r First recorded ascent by E. C. Andrews, Geological Survey of New South Wales,r and Willard D. Johnson, U.S.G.S., August 12, 1908, Andrews aloner reaching the highest point. (S.C.B., 1922, XI:3, p. 288; S.C.B., 1924, XII:1, pp.r 88-90.) This may be the mountain climbed by John Muir in 1879 under ther impression that he was on the peak designated Mount Humphreys on Hoffmann’sr map. (S.C.B., 1922, XI:3, p. 250; Badè:r r Life and Letters of John Muir,r 1923, I, p. 388.) Recent ascents are described in S.C.B., 1922, XI:3, pp.r 286-289, and S.C.B., 1926, XII:3, p. 306.r

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r Born in Minnesota, 1864; appointed to U. S. Military Academy from Oregon,r 1886; graduated second lieutenant, 1890; first lieutenant, 1897; captain,r 1901; major, 1909; retired as lieutenant-colonel, 1918; colonel, retired, 1921;r brigadier-general, U. S. Reserve, 1922; now head of New York Military Academy,r Comwall-on-Hudson.r

r First ascent by Lieutenant Davis, August 28, 1891. (S.C.B., 1926, XII:3, P.r 305.)r

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r There is a sheep-herder’s grave clearly marked at the lower end of the cañon,r concerning which there are several legends.r

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r “Mr. Delaney was an Irishman who was educated at Maynooth College forr a Catholic priest. . . . He was lean and tall, and I naturally nicknamed himr Don Quixote.” (Badè:r r Life and Letters of John Muir,r 1923, I, p. 195.)r

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r Established as a national monument by President Taft on July 6, 1911.r Officially, “Devil Postpile National Monument.” (S.C.B., 1912, VIII:3, pp.r 170-173, 226-227.)r

r “They are usually called ‘devil’s slides,’ though they lie far above the regionr usually haunted by the devil; for though we read that he once climbed an exceedinglyr high mountain, he cannot be much of a mountaineer, for his tracksr are seldom seen above the timber-line.” (Muir:r r My First Summer in the Sierra, 1911, p. 202.)r

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r John Muir mentions the Dinkey Grove of sequoias on “Dinkey Creek, oner of the northmost tributaries of Kings River,” in Harper’s Magazine,r November,r 1878. Continuing, Muir says that this grove was discovered “several years agor by a couple of hunters who were in pursuit of a wounded bear; but becauser of its remoteness and inaccessibility it is known only to a few mountaineers.”r

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r “The bottom of Lundy Cañon, above the point where Lake Cañon joins it,r is irregular and is formed of alternate scarps and terraces all the way to ther head of the gorge, where a scarp of grander proportions than those belowr crosses the trough and forms a wall of rock more than a thousand feet high.r This rocky wall, together with the cliffs forming the eastern side of the gorger as far as Lake Cañon, has been named, in honor of the great French artist,r the Doré Cliffs.” (Russell: Quarternary History of Mono Valley.r In Eighth Annual Report of the U.S.G.S., for 1886-1887, pp. 332-333.)r

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r Dusy was the only stockman of his time who seemed to take an interest inr the mountain region for other reasons than stock feed. He was a man ofr superior intelligence, high character, and wide experience. He took the firstr photographs of Tehipite, 1879, carrying a bulky portrait camera, with studior tripod, wet plates, and chemicals. L. A. Winchell, in 1879, gave Dusy’s namer to the branch of the Middle Fork of Kings River north of the Palisades.r (L. A. Winchell.)r

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Place Names of the High Sierra (1926)
by Francis P. Farquhar

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r The Indian name appears in various forms of spelling and accent throughr Yosemite literature, and is given various interpretations. (Hutchings:r In the Heart of the Sierras,r 1886, p. 396. Hutchings:r r Scenes of Wonder and Curiosity in California,r 1860, pp. 103-106. Whitney:r Yosemite Guide Book,r 1870, p. 16. Powers:r r Tribes of California, in Contributions to North Americanr Ethnology, III, 1877, pp. 363, 366-367. Bertha H. Smith: Yosemite Legends,r 1904, pp. 47-54. Merriam:r The Dawn of the World,r 1910, p. 35.)r

r “In adopting the Spanish interpretation, ‘El Capitan,’ forr Tote-ack-ah-noo-la,r we pleased our mission interpreters and conferred upon the majesticr cliff a name corresponding to its dignity.” (Bunnell:r Discovery of the Yosemite,r 1880, p. 211.)r

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r Lake converted into reservoir for City and County of San Francisco system,r under act of Congress of December 19, 1913.r (See Hetch Hetchy Reservoir.)r Construction of dam begun 1917; completed 1918.r

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r Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882); poet, essayist, and philosopher; A.B.,r Harvard, 1821; LL.D., Harvard, 1866.r

r Emerson visited Yosemite Valley in May, 1871, spending most of his timer for several days with John Muir, who accompanied him to the Mariposa Grove.r (John Muir:r Our National Parks,r 1901, pp. 131-136; Badè:r r Life and Letters of John Muir,r 1923, I, pp. 252-257; Thayer: A Western Journey. with Mr. Emerson, 1884.)r

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r “As it seemed that we were the first to make this ascent, we built a monumentr and left a record, naming it in honor of Capt, John Ericsson, and inr recognition of its extremely craggy character, ‘Crag Ericsson.’” (S.C.B., 1897,r II:2, p. 92.)r

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Place Names of the High Sierra (1926)
by Francis P. Farquhar

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r John Fiske changed his name from Edmund Fiske Green; born in Connecticut;r A.B., Harvard, 1863; LL.D., 1894.r

r The name was originally given to a peak on the ridge which forms part ofr the Goddard Divide, running southwest from the main crest of the Sierrar toward Mount Huxley. It was erroneously transferred on the first editionr (1912) of the U.S.G.S. Mount Goddard Quadrangle to a lower point at ther intersection of the divide with the main crest, but on the edition of 1923 it isr restored to the original location.r

r First ascent August 10, 1922, by Charles N. Fiske, John N. Fiske, Stephenr B. Fiske, and Frederick Kellett. (S.C.B., 192,3, XI:4.)r

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r The lake, enlarged by a dam, is now a reservoir of the Southern Californiar Edison Company system.r

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r “Mr. B. F. Taylor, in his charmingly sunny book, ‘Between the Gates,’ pager 238, makes the following suggestion: ‘Let us give the girl, for her own andr her father’s sake, some graceful mountain height, and, let it be called “Mountr Florence"!’ This complimentary suggestion through the kindness of friends,r has been carried out; as one of the formerly unnamed peaks of the Highr Sierra now bears the name of ‘Mount Florence.’ This is best seen andr recognized from Glacier Point and Sentinel Dome.” (Hutchings:r In the Heart of the Sierras,r 1886, p. 147.)r

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r Lewis Foerster, born in Germany, 1868; private, corporal, sergeant, firstr sergeant, 14th Infantry and 4th Cavalry, 1886-1899; lieutenant, U. S. volunteers,r 1899; first lieutenant, 5th Cavalry, U.S.A., 1901; captain, 1911; major,r 1920; lieutenant-colonel, 1920; retired, 1922; lieutenant-colonel, temporary,r 1917.r

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r The county was created April 19, 1856, from territory previously part ofr Merced and Mariposa counties; reduced by creation of Mono County, 1861;r further reduced by creation of Madera County, 1893; other lesser adjustmentsr of boundaries, 1870, 1872, 1874, 1876, 1887, 1909. (Coy:r California County Boundaries,r 1923, pp. 101-106.)r

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r Lower Funston Meadow, 200 acres, together with 200 acres in cañon justr below, patented land, purchased from Harry Quinn by Stephen T. Mather,r 1922, and placed in trust, to become public property when included in nationalr park.r

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Place Names of the High Sierra (1926)
by Francis P. Farquhar

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r William More Gabb (1839-1878), of Philadelphia, joined the Whitney Surveyr as paleontologist in 1861. Portrait in S.C.B., 1925, XII:2, plate XLIV.r

r “The paleontologist was a distinctly loquacious person. One can imagine,r then, the laughter of these lean, brown men when Dr. Cooper, the serious, ther r r r unbending, announced that he had discovered a new species of the old brachiopodr genus, Lingula; and that in honor of his friend William More Gabb her bad bestowed upon it the name of Lingula gabii.” (Brewster:r Life and Letters of Josiah Dwight Whitney,r 1909, p. 239.)r

r The Whitney Survey party, led by Professor Brewer, crossed the Sierra fromr Owens Valley by Mono Pass and descended Mono Creek to the San Joaquin.r Camps 188 and 189 were on Mono Creek. The identity of the peak originallyr named Mount Gabb is obscure. On J. N. Le Conte’s map of 1907 the namer was given to the peak most nearly corresponding in position to that on ther Whitney Survey map, but this peak has no slate on it.r

r First ascent by A. L. Jordan and H. H. Bliss, June, 1917. (S.C.B., 1918,r X:3, p. 292.)r

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r The name is spelled GARDNER on Hoffmann’s map of 1873, in the officialr Publications of the Whitney Survey, and in the early editions of King’sr Mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada.r Nevertheless, in the official cataloguer of Yale University, in the obituary notice in American Journal of Sciencesr (1912), and in Who’s Who in America (1910-1911), and in other reliabler Publications, it is spelled Gardiner.r

r James Terry Gardiner, born in Troy, N. Y., 1842; attended Rensselaerr Polytechnic Institute; honorary Ph.B., Sheffield Scientific School, Yale, inr 1905, as of 1868; inspector, U. S. Ordnance Corps, 1861-1862; accompaniedr Clarence King to California, 1863; after a year in construction work on Sanr Francisco Harbor, joined California State Geological Survey (Whitney Survey),r 1864, and served until 1867; member of Brewer party in Kings and Sanr Joaquin regions, 1864; with King, made map of Yosemite Valley, 1866-1867;r accompanied King on first ascent of Mount Clark, 1866; member Geologicalr Survey of the 40th Parallel (King Survey), 1867-1872; member U. S. Geologicalr Survey of the Territories (Hayden Survey), 1872-1875; director Stater Survey of New York, 1876-1886; practiced as civil engineer, New York; diedr r r r at Northeast Harbor, Maine, 1912. (American Journal of Science, 4th series,r Vol. 34, October, 1912, p. 404; Who’s Who in America, 1910-1911; Brewster:r Life and Letters of Josiah Dwight Whitney,r 1909, pp. 236, 237, 306; Appalachia,r 1878, I:4, pp. 233-234; Biographical Notice of Clarence King, inr Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, vol. 33, 1903.)r

r First ascent by Joseph N. Le Conte and Bolton Coit Brown, 1896. (S.C.B.,r 1898, II:3, p. 81.)r

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r “The name ‘General Grant National Park’ was adopted for the park by ther Secretary, because this name had become, by common consent, that of ther largest tree there, and which it is understood is among the greatest if notr itself the very greatest of the ‘sequoia gigantea.’ The propriety of adoptingr the name needs no explanation or defense. The people have already baptizedr the tree with the name of our great and noble general, and the park could notr consistently be called aught else, unless it were ‘The Union’.”r (Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, for 1890, p. 125.)r

r The tree was named in August, 1867, by Mrs. Lucretia P. Baker, of Visalia,r for Ulysses Simpson Grant (1822-1885), commander-in-chief of the Unitedr States Army, 1864-1869; eighteenth president of the United States. Ther compliment was acknowledged by General Grant in a letter to Mrs. Baker.r (Walter Fry.)r

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r Climbed by Norman Clyde, July 15, 1925; probably first ascent. (S.C.B.,r 1926, XII:3, p. 307.)r

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r Hale D. Tharp was the first white man to visit Giant Forest, 1858. (Walterr Fry.)r

r Lands in Giant Forest and vicinity, patented prior to act of 1890 creatingr Sequoia National Park, were purchased in 1916 and reconveyed to the Unitedr States for $70,000, of which $50,000 was appropriated by act of Congress,r July 1, 1916, and $20,000 was contributed from the funds of the Nationalr Geographic Society. Subsequent purchases of patented lands were made byr the National Geographic Society from funds donated by individuals, and reconveyedr to the United States, 1920-1921. (National Geographic Magazine,r January, 1917, pp. 1-11; July, 1921, pp. 85-86—r Progress in the Development of the National Parks,r by Stephen T. Mather, Department of the Interior, 1916,r p. 7—Report of the Director of the National Park Service, for 1920, pp.r 50, 115; same, for 1921, p. 15.)r

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r The name was given by the Whitney Survey, and, although not mentionedr in the Geology volume of 1865, appears on the Hoffmann-Gardiner map, 1867.r

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r Climbed by Norman Clyde, September 1, 1925; no evidence of prior ascent.r (S.C.B., 1926, XII:3, p. 307.)r

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r The precise origin of the name is not given. It does not appear in Hutchings’r earlier publications, nor in the Whitney Survey report of 1865.r

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r First recorded ascent by J. N. Le Conte and party in 1896. (S.C.B., 1897,r II:2, p. 79.)r

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r Brewer’s party of the Whitney Survey in 1864 made two unsuccessful attemptsr to reach the summit. (Whitney Survey: Geology, 1865, pp. 392, 394,r 398,399.)r

r “We found the Sierra Club register in the monument on the summit and inscribedr our names with those of fifteen others who have made the ascent sincer September 23, 1879, when, as a small yellow document proclaims, the mountainr was first climbed by Lil A. Winchell and Louis W. Davis.” (S.C.B., 190l,r III:3, p. 255, notes of a climb of Mount Goddard in 1900 by Harley P. Chandler.r See, also, S.C.B., 1922, XI:3, p. 251.)r

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r “This is the most beautiful of all the trouts: the brilliancy and richness ofr its coloration is not equaled in any other known species; the delicate goldenr olive of the head, back, and upper part of the side, the clear golden yellowr along and below the lateral line, and the marvelously rich cadmium of ther under parts fully entitle this species to be known above all others as the goldenr trout.” (Evermann: The Golden Trout of the Southern High Sierras. Bulletinr of the Bureau of Fisheries, 1905, Vol. 25, p. 28.—See, also, S.C.B., 1912, VIII:3,r pp. 193-199.)r

r This creek was once known as Whitney Creek, because its source is nearr the peak ascended by Clarence King in 1871, which he supposed to be Mountr Whitney. Long after the error was discovered in 1873, the name remainedr attached to the creek. Later it was called Volcano Creek, on account of ther cinder-cones in the vicinity. (Mount Whitney Club Journal, 1902, no. 1, p. 2;r 1903, no. 2, pp. 41-43.) The U.S.G.S. fixed the name Golden Trout Creek,r retaining the name Volcano for the falls only. (R. B. Marshall.)r

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r This pass is on the main route between North Fork of Mono Creek andr head of Fish Creek.r

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r Richard Urquhart Goode, U.S.G.S.; topographer from 1879; later geographerr in charge of surveys in western United States; born in Virginia, 1858,r died 1903; graduate of University of Virginia. (U.S.G.S.:r Twenty-fourth Annual Report, 1903, pp. 287-290.)r

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r The first known ascent was made by J. N. Le Conte, Hubert Dyer, Fredr Pheby, C. B. Lakeman, 1890. “The main crest, 12,000 feet in elevation, wasr reached on July 20; and later in the day a lofty peak just to the north ofr pass was ascended. Inasmuch as we were the first persons ever to touch itsr summit, we named it University Peak.” (Hubert Dyer:r Camping in the Highest Sierras, in Appalachia, 1892, VI:4, p. 295.)r The name University Peak wasr subsequently transferred to a higher peak south of Kearsarge Pass. (J. N.r Le Conte.)r

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r W. B. Wallace built a monument on summit, 1881. (G. W. Stewart.)r

r Arnold Henri Guyot (1807-1884); born in Switzerland; came to America,r 1848, at instance of Louis Agassiz; professor of physical geography andr geology, Princeton, 1854-1884; explored the Appalachian Mountain system;r made first ascent of Mount Carrigain, White Mountains, New Hampshire,r 1857. (Appalachia, July 1907, XI:3, pp. 229-239.)r

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Place Names of the High Sierra (1926)
by Francis P. Farquhar

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r “The whole appearance of the mass is that of an originally dome-shapedr elevation, with an exceedingly steep curve, of which the western half has beenr split off and has become engulfed. Hence the name, which is one that seemsr to suggest itself at first sight of this truly marvelous crest of rock.” (Whitneyr Survey: Geology, 1865, p. 416.)r

r “The front of the dome, on the other hand, appears by contrast smooth andr fresh. It has been formed rather recently through the rapid scaling off of successiver thin plates or sheets cleft by close-set parallel partings of an accentuatedr fissure zone. A body of these plates still clings to the dome front at its,r northeast end, and it is there that one may observe the character of the fissurer zone noted. Ice that formerly lodged at the foot of the great precipice nor doubt has served to accelerate its recession.” (Matthes:r Sketch of Yosemite National Park,r 1912, p. 47.)r

r “Tesaiyak. The Half Dome, generally spelt Tisayac.” (Whitney:r Yosemite Guide Book,r 1870, p. 17.)r

r “Tissaack, South Dome in Yosemite, is . . . the name of a woman whor according to tradition was transformed into the mountain.” (Kroeber:r California Place Names of Indian Origin,r 1916, p. 62.) For versions of the Indianr legend, see—Powers:r r Tribes of California, in Contributions to North Americanr Ethnology, III, 1877, pp. 364, 367-368; and Bertha H. Smith:r Yosemite Legends, 1904, pp. 45-54.r

r “Until the fall of 1875 the storm-beaten summit of this magnificent landmarkr was a terra incognita, as it had never been trodden by human feet. . . .r This honor was reserved for a brave young Scotchman, a native of Montrose,r named George G. Anderson, who by dint of pluck, skill, unswerving perseverance,r and personal daring, climbed to its summit, and was the first thatr ever successfully scaled it. This was accomplished at 3 o’clock p.m. of Octoberr 12, 1875.” (Hutchings:r In the Heart of the Sierras,r 1886, pp. 456-457—r See, also, S.C.B., 1920, X:1, pp. 101-102.)r

r “A year or two before Anderson gained the summit, John Conway, a residentr of the valley, and his son, excellent mountaineers, attempted to reach ther r r r top from the Saddle by climbing barefooted up the grand curve with a roper which they fastened at irregular intervals by means of eye-bolts driven intor joints of the rock. But, finding that the upper portion of the curve would requirer laborious drilling, they abandoned the attempt, glad to escape from ther dangerous position they had reached, some 300 feet above the Saddle. Andersonr began with Conway’s old rope, which had been left in place, and resolutelyr drilled his way to the top, inserting eye-bolts five to six feet apart, and makingr his rope fast to each in succession, resting his feet on the last bolt while her drilled a hole for the next above. Occasionally some irregularity in the curve,r or slight foothold, would enable him to climb a few feet without the rope,r which he would pass and begin drilling again, and thus the whole work wasr accomplished in less than a week.” (Muir:r Picturesque California,r edited byr John Muir, 1888, vol. I, pp. 71-72.—See, also, Whitney:r Yosemite Guide Book,r 1870 p. 96.)r

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r The name is mentioned as known to John Fox, pioneer of Kings River, inr 1896. (S.C.B., 1897, II:1, p. 45.)r

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r “Ben Harrison herded sheep in upper Kern in ’80s. Was part Cherokeer Indian. He climbed up to saddle of pass from the south, but did not travelr or herd over the pass. He built a monument on the pass. It was probablyr used by sheepmen in 1875 or 1876.” (Chester Versteeg, from Robert M.r Woods.)r

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r “The traveler will be greatly attracted by a very sharp peak or butte thatr r r r rises on the south wall. From its isolated position as viewed from the valleyr we called it the Hermit. . . . It really forms the termination of several peaksr which, however, are not visible from below.” (Solomons: Manuscript preparedr for the Sierra Club, 1896, p. 78.)r

r

[Editor’s note:r This grass may be Dichelostemma capitatum, commonly known asr “blue dicks” or “grass nuts.”—dea]r

r “An explanation of the meaning of the word Hetch Hetchy has been obtainedr through the kindness of John Muir, who says: ‘I have been informedr by mountaineers who know something of the Indian language that Hetchr Hetchy is the name of a species of grass that the Tuolumne Indians used forr food, and which grows on the meadow at the lower end of the valley. Ther grain, when ripe, was gathered and beaten out and pounded into meal in mortars.’r The word was originally spelled Hatchatchie.” (Sanchez:r Spanish and Indian Place Names of California, 1922, p. 332.)r

r “Hatchatchie Valley (erroneously spelled Hetch Hetchy).” (Powers:r Tribesr of California, in Contributions to North American Ethnology, III, 1877, p. 357.)r

r “The Lower Tuolumne Yosemite, that I am about to sketch—called ‘Hetchr Hetchy’ by the Indians—is said to have been discovered by one Josephr Screech, a hunter, in the year 1850, one year before Captain Boling and hisr party discovered Yosemite, in their pursuit of marauding Indians. . . . Myr first excursion to Hetch Hetchy was undertaken in the early portion of November,r 1871.” (John Muir: Hetch Hetchy Valley, in Overland Monthly, July,r 1873, pp. 42-43.)r

r “Hetch Hetchy is claimed by a sheep-owner named Smith, who drives stockr into it every summer, by a trail which was built by Joseph Screech. It is oftenr called Smith’s Valley.” (Same, pp. 49-50.)r

r “The valley was first visited, in 1850, by Mr. Joseph Screech, a mountaineerr of this region, who found it occupied by Indians. This gentleman informedr me that, up to a very recent date, this valley was disputed ground between ther Pah Utah Indians from the eastern slope and the Big Creek Indians from ther western slope of the Sierras; they had several fights, in which the Pah Utahsr proved victorious. The latter still visit the valley every fall to gather acorns,r which abound in this locality.”r (Notes on Hetch Hetchy Valley by C. F. Hoffmann,r read by J. D. Whitney at meeting of California Academy of Natural Sciences,r October 21, 1867, in Proceedings, vol. III, part V, 1868, p. 370.)r

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r Project originated in 1901, when Mayor James D. Phelan applied for reservoirr sites at Lake Eleanor and Hetch Hetchy. Applications denied, 1903, andr again in 1905, by E. A. Hitchcock, Secretary of the Interior. In 1908, Jamesr K. Garfield, Secretary of the Interior, granted permit allowing City to developr r r r Lake Eleanor and Cherry Valley, and if these proved insufficient, then Hetchr Hetchy. In 1910, Secretary of the Interior R. A. Ballinger required the Cityr “to show why the Hetch Hetchy Valley and reservoir site should not ber eliminated from said permit.” An Advisory Board of Army Engineers, composedr of Colonel John Biddle, Lieutenant-Colonel Harry Taylor, and Colonelr Spencer Cosby, was appointed to investigate and report to the Secretary of ther Interior. Report rendered February 19, 1913. Secretary of the Interior Walterr L. Fisher, on March 1, 1913, declared that action on this matter should notr be taken by the Secretary of the Interior, but that a grant should be mader only upon specific authority of Congress. A bill was introduced in the nextr Congress, and was passed after extensive hearings had been held.r

r References:r Proceedings before the Secretary of the Interior in re use of Hetch Hetchy Reservoir Site in the Yosemite National Park by the City of San Francisco,r Washington, 1910.—r Report of Advisory Board of Army Engineers to the Secretary of the Interior,r Washington, 1913.—r The Hetch Hetchy Water Supply for San Francisco,r report by John R. Freeman, San Francisco, 1912.—r Robert Underwood Johnson: Remembered Yesterdays, 1924, pp. 307-313.—r Badè:r Life and Letters of John Muir,r 1924, II, pp. 360-361, 384-385, 388-389,r 416-423.—Muir:r The Yosemite,r 1912, pp. 249-262.—Muir: in S.C.B., 1908,r VI:4, pp. 211-220; in Outlook, November 2, 1907; in Century, January, 1909.—r See, also, S.C.B., 1908, VI:4, pp. 264-268; 1908, VI:5, pp. 321-329; 1909, VII:1,r pp. 69-71, 1909, VII:2, p. 133; 1910, VII:4, pp. 260-263; 1913, IX:1, pp. 44-45;r 1914, IX:2, pp. 174-176, 192-199.r

r Construction was begun on approach roads in 1914; clearing floor of Hetchr Hetchy Valley completed, 1917; construction of dam begun, 1919; damr completed and reservoir filled, 1923.r (See, also, Lake Eleanor.)r Hydro-electricr power available at main power-house, Moccasin Creek, 1925; aqueduct forr city water-supply not yet completed (1926).r

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r “The rocks of the First Recess, which opens southward just above the valley,r have striking individuality. The granite is very pure and creamy in appearance.r Mount Hilgard, named in honor of Professor Hilgard of the Universityr of California, stands at the head of this splendid side gorge.” (Theodorer S. Solomons: Unexplored Regions of the High Sierra, in Overland Monthly,r January, 1897, p. 74.) From this it appears that the name wasr originally given to the mountain shown on the U.S.G.S. map (edition of 1912)r as Recess Peak.r

r Eugene Woldemar Hilgard (1833-1916); native of Bavaria; professor atr University of Mississippi, and at University of Michigan; professor agriculturer r r r at University of California, 1875-1903; professor emeritus, 1903-1916.r

r Climbed by Charles F. Urquhart, July, 1905, probably the first ascent. (Letterr from George R. Davis to Walter L. Huber, September 14, 1916.)r

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r Charles Henry Hitchcock (1836-1919); professor of geology, Dartmouthr College, 1868-1908; emeritus, 1908-1919; conducted the first high mountainr observatory in United States, on Mount Washington, N. H., winter of 1870-1871.r

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r “Although this is one of the oldest trails into the mountains, it is the roughest.r Both the Hockett and Jordan trails were ‘built’ for the purpose of divertingr the travel to the mines of Inyo County from the Walker Pass. Accordingr to the ‘franchises’ that were granted for the construction and operation ofr these two toll-trails, they were intended to be converted into wagon-roads asr soon as possible; but the collapse of the Inyo mining boom in the early ’60sr defeated the enterprise, and no attempt was ever made to build any part of ar road through the rough mountains.” (P. M. Norboe:r Trails into the Mt. Whitney and Kern River Regions, inr Mt. Whitney Club Journal, 1903, no. 2,r p. 67.)r

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r Charles Frederick Hoffmann (1838-1913); born at Frankfurt-am-Main,r Germany; educated at an engineering school; topographer with Frederick W.r Lander on Fort Kearney, South Pass, and Honey Lake wagon-road survey,r 1857; came to California, 1858; member of California State Geological Survey,r under Josiah Dwight Whitney, throughout its existence, 1860-1874; professorr of topographical engineering, Harvard, 1871-1872; married Lucy Mayottar Browne, daughter of J. Ross Browne, 1870; associated with brothers-in-law,r Ross E. Browne and Alfred Craven, in mining engineering at Virginiar City, Nevada, 1874-1876; managed mines in Mexico, and at Forest Hillr Divide, California, 1878-1886; investigated mines in Siberia and in Argentina;r associated with Ross E. Browne in practice of mining engineering, with officesr r r r in San Francisco, 1888-1906. (Ross E. Browne.) Portrait in S.C.B., 1923,r XI:4, plate cxi, and S.C.B., 1925, XII:2, plate XLIV.r

r Whitney says in a letter to his brother, May 3, 1862: “Hoffmann does asr well in his place as anyone could possibly do. He is a German, twenty-fourr years old, formerly topographer to Lander’s wagon-road expedition, with ar capital eye for hills and orography in general, and no vices.” (Brewster:r Life and Letters of Josiah Dwight Whitney, 1909, p. 214.)r

r Whitney, Brewer, and Hoffmann were in the vicinity of Mount Hoffmannr in 1863, and one or all may have climbed it. The summit and the view arer described in the report. (Whitney Survey: Geology, 1865, p. 424.) Clarencer King climbed it in October, 1864. (King:r Mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada,r 1872, pp. 144-145.) In 1867 a photograph was taken of the summitr by W. Harris, showing Hoffmann himself with his transit. This photograph isr among the plates accompanyingr The Yosemite Book,r issued by the Whitney Survey in 1868.r (See, also, S.C.B., 1923, XI:4, plate CXIII.)r

r John Muir climbed Mount Hoffmann, July 26, 1869. “Ramble to the summitr of Mount Hoffmann, eleven thousand feet high, the highest point in life’sr journey my feet have yet touched.” (Muir:r r My First Summer in the Sierra,r 1911, p. 199.)r

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r The Indians say that the first Wutchumna Indians were “created” here byr Tsohit, the Eagle God, and the Wolf God. (George W. Stewart.)r

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r Lake named in 1905 by engineer of Standard Consolidated Mining Co.,r when making map of Green Creek basin for power development. (T. J.r Hoover, E. H. Nutter.)r

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r In 1860, Hale D. Tharp and John Swanson stayed here for three daysr while the Indians healed Swanson’s injured leg. In 1873 Alfred Everton wasr accidentally shot in a bear-trap that he had himself set. George Cahoon carriedr Everton to the rock, where he left him while he went for assistance. From thisr incident Hale Tharp gave it the name Hospital Rock. In 1893 James Wolvertonr lay here during his last illness. (Walter Fry, inr Sequoia National Park Nature Guide Bulletin,r No. 5, February 17, 1925.)r

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r Named by Whitney Survey; not mentioned in reports, but appears onr Hoffmann’s map of 1873. The identity of the peak now known as Mountr Humphreys with that on Hoffmann’s map and in Wheeler Survey reports is discussedr by J. N. Le Conte in S.C.B., 1022, XI:3, pp. 249-250.r

r John Muir speaks of climbing Mount Humphreys in Century Magazine,r November, 1891, p. 86, and also describes the view from the summit in Overlandr Monthly, January, 1875. (S.C.B., 1921, XI:2, p. 182.) But he was undoubtedlyr mistaken in the identity of the mountain. (S.C.B., 1922, XI:3, pp.r 250-251; Badè:r r Life and Letters of John Muir, 1923, I, p. 388.)r

r An illustration by William Keith inr Picturesque California,r edited by John Muir, 1888,r vol. I, opp. p. 12, confirms the opinion that the peak climbed byr Muir was one of the “Evolution Group.”r

r First ascent, July 18, 1904, by James S. Hutchinson and Edward C. Hutchinson.r (S.C.B., 1905, V:3, pp. 153-173.) For other ascents, see S.C.B., 1920,r XI:1, pp. 56-59; S.C.B., 1921, XI:2, pp. 203-204; S.C.B., 1922, XI:3, p. 313.r

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r Huntington Lake reservoir formed in Big Creek basin by three dams constructedr for Pacific Light & Power Corporation by Stone & Webster, 1912-1913;r fourth dam constructed and level of reservoir surface raised thirty-fiver feet, 1916-1917. Pacific Light & Power Corporation consolidated with Southernr California Edison Company, 1917. (Hydroelectric Power Systems of California,r U. S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 493, by Frederick Hallr Fowler, 1923, pp. 640-642.)r

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r Edward Church Hutchinson, president and managing director of Kennedyr Mining and Milling Company, Amador County, who accompanied his brotherr on first ascent of Mount Humphreys.r

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Place Names of the High Sierra (1926)
by Francis P. Farquhar

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r “This cañon is called by Professor J. D. Whitney the ‘Illilouette,’ a supposedr Indian name; but I have never questioned a single Indian that knewr anything whatever of such a word; while every one, without an exception,r knows this cañon either by Too-lool-a-we-ack or Too-lool-we-ack; the meaningr of which, as nearly as their ideas can be comprehended and interpreted, isr the place beyond which was the great rendezvous of the Yo Semite Indians forr hunting deer.” (Hutchings:r In the Heart of the Sierras,r 1886, p. 440.)r

r “Tu-tu'lu-wi-sak, Tu-tul'wi-ak, the southern wall of South Cañon.”r (Powers:r r Tribes of California, in Contributions to North American Ethnology,r III, 1877, p. 364.)r

r “The strictly literal translation of this name [Too-lool-lo-we-ack] would ber inadmissible. . . . The name ‘Illeuette’ [or ‘Illiluette’] is not Indian, and is,r therefore, meaningless and absurd.” (Bunnell:r Discovery of the Yosemite,r 1880, pp. 202-203.)r

[Editor’s note: Bunnell, in true discreet Victorian form,r r translated the meaning of Too-lool-lo-we-ack to Greek, which translated to English meansr “urinating.”—dea.r ]

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r “The shafts of their arrows are made of reeds, and from different species ofr wood, but the choicest are made of what is called Indian arrow-wood (Le-Hamite).r This wood is found only in dark ravines and deep rocky cañons inr the mountains, as it seems to require dampness and shade. Its scarcity makesr the Young shoots of a proper growth a very valuable article of barter betweenr the mountain tribes and those of the valleys and plains. A locality in the Yosemiter Valley once famous for its supply of this arrow-wood, was the raviner called by the Yosemites ‘Le-Hamite’ (as we might say ‘the oaks,’ or ‘ther Pines’), but which is now designated as ‘Indian Cañon.’” (Bunnell:r Discovery of the Yosemite,r 1880, p. 131.)r

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r Inyo County, created March 22, 1866; increased by including part ofr Mono County, 1870; increased to the southeast, 1872. (Coy:r California County Boundaries, 1923, pp. 114-115.)r

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r Born in Indiana, 1867; M.D., Detroit College of Medicine, 1890; assistantr surgeon, U. S. Army, 1891; major, Medical Corps, 1903; lieutenant-colonel,r 1911; colonel, 1917; major-general (surgeon-general, A.E.F.), August, 1918r surgeon-general, U. S. Army, since October, 1918.r

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r Name proposed in 1919 by Francis P. Farquhar for the peak that stands atr the head of Fish Creek Cañon. (S.C.B., 1920, XI:1, p. 46; see illustration inr Appalachia, November, 1920, XV:1, plate XIV.)r

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Place Names of the High Sierra (1926)
by Francis P. Farquhar

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r “This was named after John Main, who ran sheep in this cañon for manyr years, starting in the early ’70s. He lived near what is now known as Warnerviller on the old Warner grant.” (J. U. Wulf, Forest Supervisor, Stanislaus Nationalr Forest, in letter to District Forester, May 4, 1923.)r

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r Selection of following route was made by State Engineer Wilbur F. McClure,r after consulting with members of Sierra Club and U. S. Forest Service:r Yosemite, Tenaya Lake, Tuolumne Meadows, Donohue Pass, Thousandr Island Lake, Devils Postpile, Fish Creek, North Fork of Mono Creek, Bearr Creek, Selden Pass, Blaney Meadows, Evolution Creek, Muir Pass, Grouser Meadow, Palisade Creek, Upper Basin of South Fork of Kings River, Pinchotr Pass, Woods Creek, Rae Lake, Glen Pass, Bubbs Creek, Center Basin, Junctionr Pass, Tyndall Creek, Sandy Plateau, Crabtree Meadow, Mount Whitney.r

r Owing to difficulties on Palisade Creek, a temporary route was adoptedr from Grouse Meadow to Simpson Meadow; thence, via Granite Basin, tor Kings River Cañon and Bubbs Creek.r

r Work was begun, August, 1915, under supervision of U. S. Forest Servicer field organization. Specifications: 30-inch minimum width, and 15 per centr maximum grade. Portions of trail already existed in passable condition,r although rarely up to these specifications.r

r Construction done, 1915-1918: Blaney Meadows to Muir Pass, includingr suspension bridges across Piute Creek and South Fork of San Joaquin nearr Evolution Creek; Muir Pass to Grouse Meadow, including blasting of Barrierr Rock; Grouse Meadow to Simpson Meadow, utilizing trail from Cartridger Creek to Simpson Meadow begun in 1914 with funds contributed by Sierrar Club, Fresno County, and U. S. Forest Service; Bubbs Creek to Tyndallr r r r Creek, including junction and Shepherd passes, (supplemented by otherr funds). Some work was also done at Selden Pass, and on west side of Middler Fork of San Joaquin River near Mount Ritter.r

r The State Legislature made additional appropriations in 1919 and in 1921,r but on both occasions the bills were vetoed by Governor Stephens. Again, inr 1925, the Legislature appropriated $10,000, and this time the bill was signedr by Governor Richardson with the following remarks: “While most of ther population is interested in the roads for automobiles, it is good to know thatr we have a few citizens who are interested in the mountain trails and in visitingr the wonderful and inaccessible places. I believe this appropriation will be ofr great worth.”r

r Meanwhile work has been done in improving and maintaining certain sections,r partly by the U. S. Forest Service, and partly by donated funds.r

r S.C.B., 1915, IX:4, pp. 306-308; 1916 X:1, pp. 86-92; 1917, X:2, pp. 213-214,r 221-225; 1918, X:3, pp. 330, 343-347. Farquhar:r Northward Over the John Muir Trail,r in S.C.B., 1920, XI:1, pp. 34-38.—Hutchinson:r A New Link in the John Muir Trail,r in S.C.B., 1923, XI:4, pp. 357-367.—Gleason, in Appalachia,r November, 1920, XV:1, p. 36, and plates XII-XV.r

r The idea of a high mountain trail along the Sierra Nevada, close to ther main crest, originated with Theodore S. Solomons.r (A Search for a High Mountain Route from the Yosemite to the Kings River Cañon,r in S.C.B.,r 1895, I:6, pp. 221-237.—See, also, S.C.B., 1896, I:7, pp. 287-288.) The searchr for the best route was later taken up by Joseph N. Le Conte, who establishedr a route practically along the line of the John Muir Trail.r (The High Mountain Route Between Yosemite and the Kings River Cañon,r in S.C.B., 1909,r VII:1, pp. 1-22.)r

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r Willard D. Johnson (1861-1917), born at Brooklyn, New York; appointedr assistant topographer U. S. Geological Survey, 1882; worked with Israel C.r Russell in mapping Mono Lake region and adjacent Sierra Nevada, 1882-1883r (see Russell, in Fifth Annual Report of the U.S.G.S., for 1883-1884, andr Eighth Annual Report of the U.S.G.S., for 1886-1887 climbed Mount Lyellr and Mount Ritter and made first ascent of Banner Peak, 1883; in Colorado,r 1888-1891; topographic work in gold belt, California, 1891-1894; appointedr hydrographer, U.S.G.S., 1896; studied glacial features of eastern slope of Sierrar Nevada, 1905-1907; visited Evolution Group with G. K. Gilbert, U.S.G.S.,r and E. C. Andrews, of New South Wales, and climbed Mount Darwin, 1903r (S.C.B., 1924, XII:1, pp. 88-90); studied earthquake faults near Lone Pine,r 1909; transferred to U. S. Forest Service, 1913, but returned to U. S. Geologicalr r r r r Survey. Owing to failing health, left very little published work. Publishedr The Profile of Maturity in Alpine Glacial Erosion, inr Journal of Geology, October-November, 1904, XII:7, pp. 569-578, under title ofr The Grade Profile in Alpine Glacial Erosion, reprinted, with changes, in S.C.B.,r 1905, V:4, pp. 271-278.r

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r There is also a story, which, in the light of this testimony, appears fictitious,r that a Portuguese sheep-herder carved the initials as a sign by which hisr brother could follow him.r

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r David Starr Jordan, educator, foremost authority on fishes, advocate ofr international peace; born at Gainesville, N. Y., 1851; M.S., Cornell, 1872;r M.D., Indiana Medical College, 1875; Ph.D., Butler, 1878; LL.D., Cornell,r 1886, Johns Hopkins, 1902, University of California, 1913, and others; president,r Indiana University, 1885-1891; president, Stanford University, 1891-1913;r chancellor, 1913-1916; emeritus since 1916; author of many books andr other publications.r

r In August, 1899, Dr. Jordan, with a party of Stanford associates, spentr several weeks in the Bubbs Creek region of Kings River. On this occasion her explored and mapped Ouzel Creek, to which he gave its name, and climbedr Mount Stanford. For a portion of the peak now named Mount Jordan he proposedr the name Crag Reflection, but this was never adopted. (S.C.B., 1900,r III:1, p. 109, and map; Kellogg:r A Stanford Party in the Kings River Cañon,r in Sunset, November, 1899; Jordan:r The Kings River Cañon and the Alps of the Great Divide,r in Sunset, April, 1900; Jordan:r The Alps of the Kings-Kern Divide, inr The Land of Sunshine, March, 1900, republished in bookr form, 1907; Jordan: The Days of a Man, 1922, Vol. I, pp. 650-655.)r

r “I feel much honored to be associated in any way with these great graniter mountains, and also to get in line with my fellow evolutionists, Dana, Lyell,r and the rest of them. I am sure that Agassiz would have been one of us if her r r r r had been born a little later or could have lived a little longer.” (Letterr from David Starr Jordan, February 9, 1926.)r

r Probable first ascent, by Norman Clyde, July 15, 1925. (S.C.B., 1926, XII:3,r p. 307.)r

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r First ascent August 8, 1899, by Edwin Bingham Copeland and E. N. Henderson.r (S.C.B., 1900, III:2, p. 172.)r

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Place Names of the High Sierra (1926)
by Francis P. Farquhar

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r Kaiser Gulch appears on Hoffmann’s map, 1873.r

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r “Mt. Kaweah is the form which has long been used locally for the round-toppedr peak in the Kaweah group,—not ‘Kaweah Peak.’ As the collectiver name ‘The Kaweah Peaks’ is so often used, ‘.Mt. Kaweah’ is more distinctive.”r (William R. Dudley, in S.C.B., 1903, IV:4, p. 306.)r

r The first ascent of Mount Kaweah was made in September, 1881, by J. W.r A. Wright, of Hanford, F. H. Wales, of Tulare, and W. B. Wallace, of Visalia—r (Elliott:r Guide to the Grand and Sublime Scenery of the Sierra Nevada, 1883,r pp. 47-49, 59.) They named the peaks, from left to right: Mount Abert (forr Colonel John J. Abert, one time Chief of Topographical Engineers, U. S.r Army); Mount Henry (for Professor Joseph Henry, of Princeton); Mountr Le Conte (for Professor Joseph Le Conte, of the University of California)r and Mount Kaweah. The first three names were not given sufficient publicityr and have lapsed from use.r

r First ascent of Red Kaweah, July, 1912, by Charles W. Michael. (S.C.B.,r 1913, IX:1, p. 48.)r

r First ascent of Black Kaweah, August 11, 1920, by Duncan McDuffie, Onis.r Imus Brown, and James S. Hutchinson. (S.C.B., 1921, XI:2, pp. 131-134.—See,r also, S.C.B., 1922, XI:3, pp. 311-312; S.C.B., 1923, XI:4, p. 440.)r

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r “Kaweah River is named after a Yokuts tribe called Kawia, or probablyr more exactly, Gā'wia. They lived on or near the river where it emerges fromr the foothills into the plains. The name has no known connection with ther almost identically pronounced southern California town Cahuilla.” (Kroeber:r California Place Names. of Indian Origin, 1916, p. 44.)r

r Colonel George W. Stewart, an authority on the Indians of this region, considersr the translation sometimes given, “I sit here,” to be incorrect.r

r “The next stream we came to was the Pi-pi-yu-na, or Kah-weé-ya, and veryr commonly known as the Four Creeks. Immediately upon leaving the mountains,r like the Kings River, it divides itself into several streams; but, unliker those of that river, they do not unite, but continue to diverge, forming a delta,r whose base is over fifteen miles long.” (Williamson:r Report of Explorations in California, Pacific Railroad Surveys,r 1853, V:1, p. 13.)r

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r “Shortly before [1864], sympathizers with the South in the Civil War hadr named the Alabama hills, near Lone Pine, in evidence of their gratificationr at the destructive career of the Confederate privateer ‘Alabama.’ Having ther end of that career by the Kearsarge fresh in mind, [Thomas W.] Hill and hisr partners [G. W. Cornell, A. Kittleson, Thomas May, and C. McCormack],r staunch Unionists, evened it up by calling their claim after the Union battleship.”r (Chalfant: The Story of Inyo, 1922, pp. 195-197.)r

r A party of eleven prospectors, including John Bubbs and Thomas Keough,r crossed Kearsarge Pass from Independence in July, 1864. (S.C.B., 1915, X:3,r p. 340.)r

r The U. S. S. Kearsarge was named for the mountain in Merrimack County,r New Hampshire. Early spellings were “Carasaga,” “Cusagee,” “Kyasage,”r “Kyar Sarga.” The present spelling is first found in Philip Carrigain’s map ofr New Hampshire, 1816. (Appalachia, December, 1915, XIII:4 p. 377.)r

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r Named by Miss Helen M. Gompertz (Mrs. J. N. Le Conte), July, 1896.r (S.C.B., 1897, II:2, p. 84.)r

r First ascent, July 6, 1898, by Cornelius Beach Bradley, Joseph C. Shinn,r Jennie E. Price, and Robert M. Price. (S.C.B., 1899, II:5, p. 274.)r

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r “From these circumstances the pass in which Walker and Kern were encampedr was called Walker’s Pass; and, as no name was known to Colonelr Fremont for the stream which flowed from it, he named it Kern River. Thisr stream was, and is now, known to the native Californians as the Po-sun-co-la,r a name doubtless derived from the Indians.” (Williamson: Report ofr Explorations in California, Pacific Railroad Surveys, 1853, V:1, p. 17.)r

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r This branch of the Kern was named Cone Creek in 1881 by Captain J. W. A. Wrightr r r r for an officer of the U. S. Army, and so appears on Wright’s Mapr in Elliott’sr Guide to the Grand and Sublime Scenery of the Sierra Nevada,r 1883. (W. B. Wallace.)r

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r First ascent by Bolton Coit Brown, 1896. (S.C.B., 1897, II:2, pp. 94-97.)r

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r Rio de los Santos Reyes signifies in Spanish “River of the Holy Kings,” andr refers to the Magi, or three kings, called in the Bible the “wise men from ther east,” who visited the infant Jesus (Matthew: 2:1-12). It is not unlikely thatr the name was given on the day of Epiphany as was the case in the naming ofr Point Reyes (Punta de los Reyes) on the California coast by Vizcaino in 1603.r

r “We crossed an open plain still in a southeasterly direction, reaching inr about twenty miles the Tulare Lake River. This is the Lake Fork; one of ther largest and handsomest streams in the valley, being about one hundred yardsr broad and having perhaps a larger body of fertile lands than any one of ther others. It is called by the Mexicans the Rio de los Reyes. [December 22,r 1845]” (Fremont: Memoirs, 1887, p. 448.)r

r There are three principal forks of Kings River: North, Middle, and South.r

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r Early history obscure. Probably seen by Captain John J. Kuykendall’sr company of the Mariposa Battalion, 1881. (Bunnell:r Discovery of the Yosemite,r 1880, pp. 137-141.) Undoubtedly visited by early prospectors. Exploredr by Brewer party of Whitney Survey, 1864. (Whitney Survey: Geology,r 1865, pp. 369, 391-392.) Account of a visit in 1868, by E. C. Winchell, in Sanr Francisco Morning Call, September 11 and 12, 1872. (Reprinted in S.C.B.,r 1926, XII:3, pp. 237-249.)r

r John Muir visited it in 1873, 1875, and 1877; again, in 1891, and later.r (Badè:r Life and Letters of John Muir,r 1923-1924, I, p. 392; II, pp. 89, 253—r Muir: A Rival of the Yosemite, in Century Magazine, November, 1891.)r

r Joseph Le Conte visited the cañon in 1901. (Joseph Le Conte, in Sunset,r October, 1900; reprinted in S.C.B., 1902; IV:2, pp. 88-99.)r

r First Sierra Club Outing to Kings River Cañon, 1902. (S.C.B., 1903, 1-3,r pp. 185-192.—Hugh Gibson, in Out West, November, 1902.)r

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r Named by Willard D. Johnson, U.S.G.S., about 1883. (J. N. Le Conte.)r

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r Named by Willard D. Johnson, U.S.G.S., about 1883. (J. N. Le Conte.)r

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Place Names of the High Sierra (1926)
by Francis P. Farquhar

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r “Lady Franklin—bless her loyal woman‘s heart—wasr carried in a litter upr to this point and rested on the broad flat rock which bears her name.”r (H[elen] H[unt] [Jackson]:r Bits of Travel at Home,r 1878, p. 118.)r

r Lady Jane Franklin (1792-1875); second wife of Sir John Franklin,r British naval officer and arctic explorer, who was lost while trying to find ther Northwest Passage in 1847. Lady Franklin fitted out five search expeditionsr between 1850 and 1857, the last of which brought back news of the disaster.r Thereafter Lady Franklin traveled extensively over most of the civilized world.r

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r “I think it was not more than ten days that the Inspector and the Headr Ranger [Charles H. Shinn] rode the Sierra trails, but they saw every ranger,r every timber-purchaser, almost every stockman, and to all three classes ofr men, H. D. Langille made clear what the Government was driving at, whatr the regulations meant, and why they should be observed. Thoroughly familiarr with similar forests in Oregon, from his boyhood, and an early graduate ofr the Yale Forest School, he was able to act as the ideal inspector should, showingr in his reports as well as in his talks with the men, exactly where ther weakest places in their work were,—and also where the good work had beenr done; and, as we afterwards learned, showing the Washington men what unnecessaryr hardship some of their regulations worked on the western users ofr the forests.” (Letter from Julia T. [Mrs. Charles H.] Shinn, December 15,r 1925.)r

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r This mountain is famous for being confused for several years with Mountr Whitney. In 1871 Clarence King, accompanied by a Frenchman from Loner Pine, Paul Pinson, climbed from Lone Pine to the summit of what he supposedr to be the peak that he and his companions in 1864 had named Mountr Whitney. (King:r Mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada,r 1872, pp. 264-281.)r

r “On the 27th day of July, 1873, Mr. W. W. Belshaw, of Cerro Gordo, andr myself [W. A. Goodyear, rode our mules to the highest crest of the peakr southwest of Lone Pine, which for over three years now, has been known byr the name of Mount Whitney, and which was ascended and measured as suchr by Mr. Clarence King, in the summer of 1871. . . . Certain it is, however,r that the peak which for over three years has borne the name of Whitney, hasr done so only by mistake, and that a new name must be found for it; while ther name of Whitney must now go back to the peak to which it was originallyr given in 1864, and which is, in reality, the highest and grandest of this culminatingr cluster of the Sierra Nevada.” (Goodyear:r Situation and Altitude of Mount Whitney, inr Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 1873-74,r V: pp. 139-144.)r

r “This peak has since been called Mount Corcoran by the artist, Mr. Albertr Bierstadt.” (Wheeler Survey: Geographical Report, 1889, p. 99.)r

r As the name “Sheep Mountain,” by which this summit was commonlyr known, was not sufficiently distinctive, the name Langley was placed on it inr 1905. (S.C.B., 1910, VII:3, p. 141.)r

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r Born February 26, 1823, on the plantation “Woodmanston,” Liberty County,r Georgia; University of Georgia, A.B. 1841, A.M. 1845; College of Physiciansr and Surgeons (N. Y.), M.D. 1845; Harvard (Lawrence Scientific School),r S.B. 1851; LL.D., University of Georgia, 1879, Princeton, 1896; at Harvardr studied under Agassiz; professor of natural history at University of Georgia,r 1853-1856; professor of chemistry and geology, South Carolina College,r 1857-1869; went to the new University of California in 1869 with his brother John;r member of the American Philosophical Society, National Academy of Sciences,r and fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; lectured and publishedr extensively; a charter member of the Sierra Club.r

r “In the summer of the same year [1870], at the end of the first session ofr r r r the University, eight of the students invited Professor Frank Soulé, Jr., andr rne to join them in a camping trip to the Sierras, and we joyfully accepted.r This trip was almost an era in my life. We were gone six weeks and visitedr the Yosemite, the high Sierra, Lake Mono and the volcanoes in the vicinity,r and Lake Tahoe. . . . I never enjoyed anything else so much in my life—perfectr health, the merry party of young men, the glorious scenery, and, above all,r the magnificent opportunity for studying mountain origin and structure.”r Autobiography of Joseph Le Conte, 1903, p. 247.)r

r The account of theser “Ramblings Through the High Sierra”r was publishedr privately in 1875 and reprinted in Sierra Club Bulletin,r 1900, III:1, pp.r 1-107.r

r Professor Le Conte visited the Sierra many times. In 1900 he went on a sixr weeks’ camping trip in the Kings River region with his son (Joseph N. Ler Conte), his daughter (Mrs. Emma Le Conte Furman), and Miss Helen Gompertzr (later Mrs. Joseph N. Le Conte). (Sunset Magazine, October, 1900,r v:6, pp. 275-286.)r

r In 1901 he returned to Yosemite for the eleventh time. There he died on ther morning of July 6th after a few hours’ illness. (S.C.B., 1902, IV:1, pp. 1-11.)r

r The Sierra Club erected the Le Conte Memorial Lodge in Yosemite Valley inr 1903 and dedicated it in 1904. (S.C.B., 1904, V:1, pp. 66-69; S.C.B., 1905,r V:3, pp. 176-180, 254.) It was removed from the original site to its presentr location in 1919. (S.C.B., 1920, XI:1, pp. 91-92.)r

r The Le Conte Divide separates the South Fork of San Joaquin from Northr Fork of Kings River.r

r “Cross this ledge well to the right and gradually approach the river, whichr can be followed to the head of what is in many respects the most majesticr cascade in the whole cañon, the Le Conte Cascade, so named by us in honorr of our esteemed Professor, Joseph Le Conte.” (Robert M. Price:r Through the Tuolumne Cañon. S.C.B., 1895, I:6, p. 204.)r

r “A conical mass of rock about 150 feet high and 250 feet in diameter formsr the apex of Le Conte. After careful investigation we found this utterly impossibler to climb. So we placed the monument on the north side of the domer where it can be easily seen by anyone approaching the summit; and in a smallr can we put a photograph of the Professor, with the following memorandum:r ‘Today, the 14th day of August, 1895, we, undersigned, hereby name thisr mountain Le Conte, in honor of the eminent geologist, Professor Joseph Ler Conte. . . . A. W. de la Cour Carroll, Stafford W. Austin’.” (S.C.B., 1896,r I:8, pp. 325-326.)r

r First ascent of Mount Le Conte, by Norman Clyde, July, 1925. (S.C.B.,r 1926, XII:3, pp. 305-306.)r

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r Le Conte, James S. Hutchinson, and Duncan McDuffie brought pack-mulesr over Muir Pass and down Le Conte Cañon July 18, 1908. (S.C.B., 1909,r VII:1, pp. 16-17.)r

r The point above Little Hetch Hetchy was named by R. B. Marshall, U.S.G.S.r (R. B. Marshall.)r

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r John Baptist Lembert took up a homestead quarter-section of land in Tuolumner Meadows in 1885. The property included the soda springs and ther meadow land across the river. He had previously lived in and around Yosemite.r He built a log cabin on his claim and lived there, raising angora goatsr until the winter of 1889—go when he lost his goats in the storms. Thereafterr he collected butterflies and botanical specimens, which he sold to museums.r In 1895 he was issued a United States patent on his claim.r

r He continued to live on his soda-springs property during the summers, butr spent the winters in a cabin near Cascade Creek below Yosemite Valley. Here,r in the winter of 1896-97, his body was found, evidently murdered.r

r The Tuolumne Meadows property passed to his brother, Jacob Lembertr who sold it in 1898 to the McCauley brothers. In 1912 it was purchased byr members of the Sierra Club and held in trust for the club.r

r The Dome, being the most prominent object in the neighborhood, came tor be known by the name of the hermit settler. (William E. Colby.—See, also,r S.C.B., 1913, IX:1, pp. 36-39.)r

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r This was on a trip over the Hockett trail with Ralph Hopping in August,r 1900. Named for Ralph Hopping’s daughter, then about seven years old, nowr Mrs. Parker Talbot of Redding, California. (Guy Hopping.)r

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r “By the middle of the afternoon [I] discovered his noble den in a fallenr Sequoia hollowed by fire—a spacious loghouse of one log, carbon-lined, centuriesr old, yet sweet and fresh, weather proof, earthquake proof, likely to out-lastr the most durable stone castle, and commanding views of garden and grover grander far than the richest king ever enjoyed.” (Muir:r Our National Parks,r 1901, p. 305; also, in Atlantic Monthly, September, 1901, p. 313.)r

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r The pass is just south of Mount Brewer and leads to Lake Reflection.r

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r “The rocks near which we were encamped, between ‘Indian Cañon’ andr ‘The Falls,’ were now called by the Po-ho-no-chee scouts who were with us,r ‘Hammo,’ or ‘Ummo,’ ‘The Lost Arrow,’ in commemoration of the event.”r (Bunnell:r Discovery of the Yosemite,r 1880, p. 169.—For the “event,” see Bunnell,r p. 162.) For another version, see Powers:r r Tribes of California, inr Contributions to North American Ethnology, III, 1877, pp. 363-364.r

r For the imaginary legend, see Hutchings:r In the Heart of the Sierras,r 1886, pp. 370-374;r and Bertha H. Smith: Yosemite Legends, 1904, pp. 19-30.r See, also, Galen Clark:r Indians of the Yosemite,r 1904, pp. 76-78, 96-100.r

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r “The culminating point of the Mount Lyell group was ascended [1863],r by Messrs. Brewer and Hoffmann; but they were unable to reach the veryr summit, which was found to be a sharp pinnacle of granite rising up abover the snow.” (Whitney Survey: Geology, 1865, p. 431.)r

r “Members of the State Geological Survey Corps having considered it impossibler to reach the summit of this lofty peak, the writer was astonished tor learn from Mr. A. T. Tileston, of Boston, after his return to the Valley fromr a jaunt of health and pleasure in the High Sierra, that he had personallyr proven it to be possible by making the ascent. Incredible as it seemed at ther time, three of us found Mr. Tileston’s card upon it some ten days afterwards.”r (Hutchings:r In the Heart of the Sierras,r 1886, p. 488.)r

r First ascent by John Boies Tileston (1834-1898), of Boston, Massachusetts,r August 29, 1871. (Letters of John Boies Tileston, Boston, 1922, pp. 89-90—r S.C.B., 1926, XII:3, pp. 304-305.) This is undoubtedly the ascent referred tor by Hutchings, who merely made a mistake in the initials. That John Muir didr not climb the mountain until late in the fall of 1871 is indicated by his notesr and writings.r

r “In 1889 the only records on the summit were: Edward A. Parker, —— McLean,r July 2, 1875; 1. C. Russell, G. K. Gilbert, Aug. 12, 1883; W. D. Johnson,r John Miller, Aug. 23-24, 1883; Gustave Starke, Sept. 12, 1885; H. P. Dyer,r A. C. Dixon, J. A. Marsh, V. K. Chestnut, July 23, 1889.”r (J. N. Le Conte,r in S.C.B., 1922, XI:3, p. 247.) Parker and McLean were students of Professorr Joseph Le Conte. (J. N. Le Conte.)r

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Place Names of the High Sierra (1926)
by Francis P. Farquhar

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r William Maclure, born in Scotland, 1763; visited United States in 1779 andr again in 1796; planned a geological survey of the U. S.; crossed and recrossedr the Alleghany Mountains fifty times; in Indiana in 1825; in 1827 moved tor Mexico, where he died in 1840.r

r The spelling of the name on maps and in texts early became corrupted tor “McClure.”r

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r Named in 1902 by J. N. Le Conte for his wife, Helen Marion Gompertzr Le Conte (1865-1924), who was with him on a pioneering trip up Cartridger Creek. (J. N. Le Conte.)r

r Mrs. Le Conte made many trips to the High Sierra; climbed many peaks,r including first ascent of Split Mountain (South Palisade); a charter memberr of the Sierra Club. (Memoir by J. S. Hutchinson in S.C.B., 1925, XII:2, pp.r 148-155, portrait.—Memorial on shore of Marion Lake, shown in S.C.B., 1926,r XII:3, plate XCIV.)r

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r The county was established in 1850, originally one of the largest in the state;r reduced by creation of Tulare County, 1852, Merced County, 1855, and Fresnor County, 1856. (Coy: California County Boundaries, 1923, pp. 161-165.)r

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r Bunnell places the discovery by Clark and Mann in 1856. These, or otherr big trees in the vicinity, were known as early as 1855. (Bunnell:r Discovery of the Yosemite,r 1880, p. 335.) The Calaveras Grove was discovered in 1852.r

r The Mariposa Big Tree Grove was included in the grant to the State ofr California by act of Congress, June 30, 1864, and was administered as part ofr the Yosemite park under state management until 1906, when, by act of ther State Legislature of March 3, 1905, and joint resolution of Congress, June 11,r 1906, it became part of Yosemite National Park.r

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r Named by Mr. and Mrs. Chauncey J. Hamlin, of Buffalo, N. Y., and party,r August 25, 1921; probably the first party to use this pass with pack-train;r used by Escallier, sheepman, with burro in 1897. (S.C.B., 1922, XI:3, p. 270;r S.C.B., 1923, XI:4, p. 423.—See, also, S.C.B., 1909, VII:1, p. 19; 1923, XI:4,r pp. 356-367.)r

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r “Lieutenant McClure, who was on duty in the park last year, prepared anr excellent map of it, which has been of great service to detachments on duty inr the park.” (Captain Alexander Rodgers, Acting Superintendent of Yosemiter National Park, in Report for 1895, p. 5.)r

r Born in Kentucky, 1865; commissioned second lieutenant on graduationr from West Point, 1887; colonel in 1916; brigadier-general, National Army,r 1917-1918.r

r (See S.C.B., 1895, I:5, pp. 168-186; S.C.B., 1896, I:8, pp. 330-335; S.C.Br 1921, XI:2, pp. 175-180.)r

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r Merced Grove of big trees was discovered by surveyors for the Coulterviller Road in 1871 or 1872 and named by the president of the Turnpike Company,r John T. McLean. (Letter from J. T. McLean, 1899.) “In the last two daysr travelling we have found some trees of the Red-wood species, incredibly larger —some of which would measure from 16 to 18 fathom round the trunk at ther height of a man’s head from the ground.”r (Narrativer of the Adventures of Zenas Leonard, Written by Himself,r Clearfield, Pa., 1839, reprinted and editedr by W. F. Wagner, Cleveland, 1904, p. 180.) Leonard was with Joseph R.r Walker’s party crossing the Sierra in 1833. His mention of the big trees is ther earliest known and probably applies either to the Merced Grove or to ther Tuolumne Grove. (Farquhar:r r Exploration of the Sierra Nevada, inr California Historical Society Quarterly, March, 1925, IV:1, p. 7.)r

r Merced Lake was called by John Muir “Shadow Lake.”r (Scribner’s Monthly,r January 1879, p. 416.) “1 first discovered this charming lake in ther autumn of 1872, while on my way to the glaciers at the head of the river.”r (Muir:r The Mountains of California,;r 1894, p. 115.)r

r Merced Peak is also called “Black Mountain” in Whitney’sr Yosemite Guide Book,r 1870, p. 109. “The last name had, however, been previously given tor the highest point of the mass of ridges and peaks at the southern extremity ofr the range, south of the divide between the San Joaquin and the Merced. Allr these points, except Gray Peak, have been climbed by the Geological Survey.”r

r “The range to which it [Mount Clark] belongs is sometimes called the Obeliskr Group; but, oftener, the Merced Group, because the branches of that riverr head around it.” (Whitney:r The Yosemite Book,r 1868, p. 97.)r

r “Merced Peak (culminating point of Merced Group).” (Wheeler Survey:r Geographical Report, 1889, p. 134.)r

r Merced Pass was found by Corporal Ottoway while scouting for Lieutenantr Denson in 1895 and named by Benson. (H. C. Benson.)r

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r “Mount Langley . . . is known by a minaret, or obelisk, that seems to standr on the north edge of its summit. It is known among mountain prospectors asr Milestone Mountain.” (Elliott:r Guide to the Grand and Sublime Scenery of the Sierra Nevada,r 1883, p. 50 The name Langley, given in 1881, was neverr in general use for this mountain, but was subsequently placed on another point.r

r First ascent, July 14, 1912, by William E. Colby, Robert M. Price, andr Francis P. Farquhar. (S.C.B., 1913, IX:1, pp. 1-6.—See, also, S.C.B., 1922,r XI:3, p. 313; and S.C.B., 1923, XI:4, p. 440.)r

r Milestone Bowl appears erroneously on U.S.G.S. maps as “Milestone Bow.”r

r “We were soon upon a plateau, and passed from this to a bowl-shapedr mountain. And since this plateau and bowl have once been parts of Milestone,r Prof. Dudley named them Milestone Plateau and Milestone Bowl.” (W. F.r Dean, in Mt. Whitney Club Journal, 1902, No. 1, p. 16.)r

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r First ascent by Charles W. Michael, September 6, 1923. (S.C.B., 1924r XII:1, pp. 28-33.)r

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r “This lake was so named by Mr. C. H. Spencer, of Utica, New York (oner of my comrades); and, shaded as it is by the Half Dome on the southeast andr by Clouds Rest on the east, there may be seen reflected from its still water ther most remarkable scenery and double sunrise in the world.” (Bunnell, inr Biennial Report of the Commissioners to Manage Yosemite Valley, 1889-90,r p. 11.)r

r Hutchings says the Indian name was Ah-wi-yah.r r (Scenes of Wonder and Curiosity in California,r 1860, p. 102.) Whitney calls it Waiya.r (Yosemite Guide Book,r 1870, p. 17.) Powers says A-wai'a.r (r Tribes of California, inr Contributions to North American Ethnology, III, 1877, p. 365.)r

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r Mono County, established 1861, originally extended considerably to ther southeast of its present boundary; adjusted on north, 1864, 1866, by creationr of Alpine County; curtailed on south, 1866, 1870, by creation of Inyo County.r (Coy: California County Boundaries, 1923, pp. 182-183.)r

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r Born April 21, 1838, at Dunbar, Scotland; son of Daniel and Anne Gilryer r r r Muir; family came to America, 1849; settled in Wisconsin; attended Universityr of Wisconsin, 1860-1863; walked to Florida, 1867; came to Californiar from New York, via Panama, 1868; visited Yosemite, spring of 1868; “Firstr Summer in the Sierra,” 1869; many years in Yosemite and the High Sierra;r visited Alaska, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1890, 1897, 1899; around the world,r 1903-1904; South America and Africa, 1911-1912, and many other travels; A.M.r (hon.), Harvard, 1896, LL.D., University of Wisconsin, 1897; Litt.D., Yale,r 1911; LL.D., University of California, 1913; author of many books andr articles in periodicals (bibliography in S.C.B., 1916, X:1, pp. 41-59); presidentr of the Sierra Club from its organization, 1892, until his death, 1914.r (William Frederic Badè:r The Life and Letters of John Muir,r 2 Vols.,r 1923-1924.—S.C.B., 1916, X:1.)r

r Mount Muir was named by Professor Alexander G. McAdie. (J. N. Ler Conte.) Climbed by Norman Clyde, June, 1925, who found a monument onr the summit, but no written record. (S.C.B., 1926, XII:3, p. 306.)r

r Lake at head of Lone Pine Creek, east of Mount Muir. Here, in September,r 1925, Dr. Robert A. Millikan, of the California Institute of Technology,r Pasadena, conducted experiments for the study of cosmic rays. (Millikan:r High Frequency Rays of Cosmic Origin, inr Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,r January, 1926, XII:1, pp. 48-55.) Two other expeditionsr directed by Dr. Millikan have conducted experiments in physics in thisr vicinity: one in September, 1922, near Whitney Pass; another at Cottonwoodr Lakes in September, 1924.r

r “We named this gorge Muir Gorge, after Mr. John Muir, the first man tor go through the [Tuolumne] cañon.” (R. M. Price in S.C.B., 1895, I:6, 206.)r Muir Grove was named by R. B. Marshall, U.S.G.S., in 1909. (R. B.r Marshall.)r

r Muir Pass was named by R. B. Marshall, U.S.G.S. It is the only pass acrossr the Goddard Divide and is traversed by the John Muir Trail. First crossedr with pack-train by U.S.G.S. party under George R. Davis in 1907, althoughr sheep were taken over it years before. (J. N. Le Conte; S.C.B., 1909, VII:1,r p. 4.)r (See John Muir Trail.)r

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Place Names of the High Sierra (1926)
by Francis P. Farquhar

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r “‘Nevada’ and ‘Vernal,’ emblems eternalr
r Of winter and loveliest spring.”r

r “Yo-wai'yi, Nevada Fall. In this word also we detect the root of awaiar [a lake, or body of water].” (Powers:r r Tribes of California, in Contributionsr to North American Ethnology, III, 1877, p. 364.)r

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r Lake named in 1905 by engineer of Standard Consolidated Mining Co.,r when making map of Green Creek basin for power development. (E. H.r Nutter.)r

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Place Names of the High Sierra (1926)
by Francis P. Farquhar

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r “Here John Muir studied the water-ouzel in its home, and wrote of it ther r best biographyr yet given of any bird.” (Jordan: The Alps of the Kings-Kern Divide,r 1907, pp. 18-19.)r

r The Water-Ouzel, or American Dipper (Cinclus mexicanus unicolor), isr common along streams throughout the Sierra. (For description, seer Grinnell and Storer:r Animal Life in the Yosemite, 1924, pp. 543-546.—See, also, Badè,r in S.C.B., 1904, V:2, pp. 102-107.)r

r “He is a singularly joyous and lovable little fellow, about the size of a robin,r clad in a plain waterproof suit of bluish gray, with a tinge of chocolate on ther r r r head and shoulders. In form he is about as smoothly plump and compact as ar pebble that has been whirled in a pot-hole, the flowing contour of his bodyr being interrupted only by his strong feet and bill, the crisp wing-tips, and ther up-slanted wren-like tail. . . .r

r “Such, then, is our little cinclus, beloved of everyone who is so fortunate asr to know him. Tracing on strong wing every curve of the most precipitous torrentsr from one extremity of the Sierra to the other; not fearing to follow themr through their darkest gorges and coldest snow-tunnels; acquainted with everyr waterfall, echoing their divine music; and throughout the whole of theirr beautiful lives interpreting all that we in our unbelief call terrible in the utterancesr of torrents and storms, as only varied expressions of God’s eternal love.”r (Muir:r The Mountains of California, 1894, pp. 276-299;r first published, inr substantially the same form, in Scribner’s Monthly, February, 1878.)r

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r “To one of the lakes along their [Talbot, Walker, and Kern party] route onr the east side of the range, I gave Owens’ name.” (Fremont: Memoirs, 1887,r p. 455.) Owens himself, however, did not go near the lake on this trip.r

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Place Names of the High Sierra (1926)
by Francis P. Farquhar

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r “At the head of the north [middle] fork, along the main crest of the Sierra,r is a range of peaks . . . which we called ‘the Palisades’.” (Whitney Survey:r Geology, 1865, pp. 393-394.)r

r The Wheeler Survey used the names N. W. Palisade and S. E. Palisade forr the North and South Palisades, respectively, in 1878. (Wheeler Survey:r Tables of Geographic Positions, 1883, p. 19.—S.C.B., 1922, XI:3, p. 251.)r

r Lil A. Winchell, in 1879, named the highest peak for Frank Dusy; and inr 1895 Bolton Coit Brown named it for David Starr Jordan; but the name Northr Palisade, based on the Whitney and Wheeler surveys, has been retained.r (S.C.B., 1904, V:1, p. 3; 1896, I:8, p. 296.)r First ascent of North Palisade, July 25, 1903, by Joseph N. Le Conte, Jamesr K. Moffitt, James S. Hutchinson. (S.C.B., 1904, V:1, pp. 1-19.—See, also,r S.C.B., 1921, XI:2, pp. 204-205, and 1922, XI:3, p. 313.)r

r First ascent of Middle Palisade, August 26, 1921, by Francis Peloubet Farquharr and Ansel Franklin Hall. (S.C.B., 1922, XI:3, pp. 264-270.—See, also,r S.C.B., 1926, XII:3, p. 307.)r

r First ascent of South Palisade. (Seer Split Mountain .)r

r There are large glaciers on the eastern side of the Palisades. (S.C.B., 1915,r IX:4, pp. 261-263; S.C.B., 1922, XI:3, plate LXXIX.)r

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r Northwestern Mountain Lion (Felis oregonensis), also known as cougar,r panther, puma. (Grinnell and Storer: Animal Life in the Yosemite, 1924,r pp. 95-98.)r

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r In the summer of 1915 the Sierra Club erected the Parsons Memorial Lodger at Tuolumne Soda Springs. (S.C.B., 1916, X:1, pp. 84-85.)r

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r George Clement Perkins (1839-1923); native of Maine; governor of California,r 1880-1883; U. S. Senator from California, 1893-1915; a charter memberr of the Sierra Club.r

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r “Only five miles south [from summit of Split Mountain] there stood ar great rounded mass of red slate on the Main Crest, and I allowed myself tor change the name Red Mountain given it by Professor Brown [S.C.B., 1896,r I:8, p. 309], and already applied to scores of the slate peaks of the Sierra, tor Mount Pinchot.” (J. N. Le Conte, in S.C.B., 1903, IV: p. 362.)r

r Gifford Pinchot; chief of Division of Forestry, U. S. Department of Agriculturer (afterwards called Bureau of Forestry, and, later, U. S. Forest Service),r 1898-1910; born in Connecticut, 1865; A.B., Yale, 1889; LL.D., McGill,r 1909; professor of forestry, Yale; governor of Pennsylvania since 1923.r

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r The pass was named by L. A. Winchell because it was used by Owensr Valley Indians. The cañon of the creek was known from early days among ther French sheepmen as French Cañon. (L. A. Winchell.)r

r J. N. Le Conte applied the name of the pass to the creek in 1904, to avoidr the name of North Branch of the South Fork of the San Joaquin River. (S.C.B.,r 1905, v:3, p. 255.)r

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r “The band who inhabited this region as a summer resort, called themselvesr Po-ho-no-chee, or Po-ho-na-chee, meaning the dwellers in Po-ho-no. . . . Ir found it impossible to obtain the literal signification of the word, but learnedr beyond a doubt that Po-bo-no-chee was in some way connected with ther stream. I have recently learned that Po-ho-no means a daily puffing wind,r and when applied to fall, stream, or meadow, means simply the fall, stream,r or meadow of the puffing wind, and when applied to the tribe of Po-ho-no-chees,r who occupied the meadows in summer, indicated that they dwelled onr the meadows of that stream.r

r “Mr. Cunningham says: ‘Po-ho-no,’ in the Indian language, means a belt orr current of wind coming in puffs and moving in one direction.’. . .r

r Mr. Hutchings’ interpretation is entirely fanciful, as are most of his Indianr translations.” (Bunnell:r Discovery of the Yosemite,r 1911, pp. 212-213.—See,r also, Hutchings:r r Scenes of Wonder and Curiosity in California,r 1860, p. 109.)r

r (See Bridalveil Fall.)r

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r “The Potwisha Indians lived along the river above the Wiktsumnes. Theyr were the highest people on the river, and in the summer-time went high intor the mountains. They are all dead now. . . . The name of the tribe, orr sub-tribe, in question has been called Padwisha, Padwoosha, Badosha, Palwiska,r Patwisha, and Potwisha. . . . I believe the correct pronunciation of this tribalr name to be Potwisha, or Patwisha, with the sound of the first a as in park orr palm. . . . The headquarters of this tribe were near Three Rivers in the winterr months. In the summer the headquarters were at Hospital Rock, above ther junction of the streams mentioned, where there was also a rancheria.” (Letterr from G. W. Stewart, March 29, 1926.)r

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r First ascent by Walter L. Huber and James Rennie, August 1, 1925. (S.C.B.,r 1926, XII:3, pp. 250-251.)r

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Place Names of the High Sierra (1926)
by Francis P. Farquhar

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Place Names of the High Sierra (1926)
by Francis P. Farquhar

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r Name given by Lieutenant McClure in 1895, when he was accompanied byr Captain Rafferty on a patrol of Yosemite National Park. (N. F. McClure.)r

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r First ascent by Lincoln Hutchinson, James S. Hutchinson, Charles A. Noble,r July 18, 1902. “The name has gained a place in the maps, and it is peculiarlyr descriptive of the great peak of red slate fantastically streaked with seams ofr white granite.” (S.C.B., 1903, IV:3, pp. 199-202.)r

r “Mr. Gardner visited the crimson-colored group noticed above, and whichr was about five miles north of the camp. The rocks were found to be ofr metamorphic slate, which continues about eight miles to the north, and is therer lost under the granite. Enclosed in the slate, and having the same dip andr strike, is a vein of white quartz rock sixty to seventy feet wide.” (Whitney:r Yosemite Guide Book,r 1870, p. 134.) This description appears to refer tor Red-and-White Mountain specifically, although Red Slate Mountain was evidentlyr included in the group named by the Whitney Survey “Red Slate Peaks.” Therer is no assertion and no evidence that Gardiner climbed to the summit of any ofr the peaks.r

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r First ascent by Joseph N. Le Conte and Clarence L. Cory, June 22, 1898.r (S.C.B., 1899, II:5, pp. 251-253.)r

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r “Mr. Hutchings, who, were it not for his exuberant imagination, might haver learned better, gives the signification of ‘Lung-oo-to-koo-ya’ as ‘Long andr Slender,’ and applies it to what he calls the Ribbon Fall. His name is betterr than his interpretation.” (Bunnell:r Discovery of the Yosemite,r 1880, p. 215.)r

r The total drop of the falls when full is 1612 feet, probably the longest in ther world. (Figures from U.S.G.S. Map of Yosemite Valley, 1907, 1922, 1:24,000.)r

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r Clarence King, approaching from the southwest, attempted to climb ther mountain (probably in 1866), but did not quite reach the summit. (Whitneyr Survey:r Yosemite Book,r 1868, p. 98.)r

r First ascent by John Muir, October, 1872. (Muir:r The Mountains of California,;r 1894, pp. 52-73; first published in Scribner’s Monthly, July, 1880.)r For subsequent notable ascents see: Russell: Existing Glaciers of the Sierrar Nevada, in Fifth Annual Report of the U.S.G.S., for 1883-1884, p. 315; andr S.C.B., 1922, XI:3, p. 248; S.C.B., 1893, I:1, p. 10; S.C.B., 1905, V:3, pp.r 186-193; Appalachia, February, 1893, VII:1, pp. 1-8.r

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r Emmet Rixford; M. D., Cooper Medical College, San Francisco, 1891; B. S.,r University of California, 1887; Professor of Surgery, Stanford University,r since 1909.r

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r The peak was named by Lieutenant McClure in 1895 and appears on hisr map of March, 1896. In the same year Lieutenant Benson named Rodgersr Lake and gave the same name to the peak south of it. Owing to duplicationr of name, the U.S.G.S. dropped it from peak near Rodgers Lake, substitutingr name Regulation Peak, which was transferred from original location. (N. F.r McClure, H. C. Benson.)r

r On Le Conte’s map of 1896 the peak is called Mount Kellogg, a namer probably given by John Muir for Albert Kellogg, botanist.r

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r “Cho-ko-nip'o-deh (baby basket), Royal Arches. This curved and overhangingr canopy-rock bears no little resemblance to an Indian baby-basket.r Another form is cho-ko'ni; and either one means literally ‘dog-place’ orr ‘dog-house.’” (Powers:r r Tribes of California, in Contributions to North Americanr Ethnology, III, 1877, p. 364.)r

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Place Names of the High Sierra (1926)
by Francis P. Farquhar

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r “‘On the other part are two rocks, whereof the one reaches with sharp peakr to the wide heaven, and a dark cloud encompasses it; this never streams away,r and there is no clear air about the peak neither in summer nor in harvest-tide.r No mortal man may scale it or set foot thereon, not though he had twentyr hands and feet. For the rock is smooth, and sheer, as it were polished. . . .r And therein dwelleth Scylla, yelping terribly.’”r (The Odyssey of Homer, Done into English Prose,r by S. H. Butcher and A. Lang, 1883, book XII, p. 194.)r

r Dextrurn Scylla latus, laevurn implacata Charybdisr
r obsidet, atque imo barathri ter gurgite vastosr
r sorbet in abrupturn fluctus, rursusque sub aurasr
r erigit alternos et sidera verberat unda.r
r At Scyllam caecis cohibet spelunca latebris,r
r ora exsertantem et naves in saxa trahentem.r
r       r (P. Vergili Maronis Aeneis, III:420-425.)r

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r “The park was not given a name by the act, and the Secretary finding itr necessary in establishing the required rules and regulations for its governmentr to give a name to the reservation, called it the Sequoia National Park. Ther reason for this naming the park is more weighty than that it is the name ofr the trees, for the trees themselves were called Sequoia by Endlicher in honorr of a most distinguished Indian of the half breed, the inventor of the Cherokeer alphabet.r

r “Sequoyah, meaning ‘he guessed it,’ was the English method of spelling ther Indian’s name, and in transferring it to the tree the eminent botanist gave itr a Latin terminal with substantially the same pronunciation as in English.r By designating the park according to the tree the delicate and appropriater honor conferred by the scientist in naming the greatest of America’s trees afterr the most intellectual of the aborigines who dwelt amid our forests, receives ar national sanction, and as the towering shaft reared by nature remains a livingr monument to the fame of the ‘Cadmus of America,’ it is maintained and protectedr by our nation’s respect and liberality.”r (Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, for 1890, pp. 123-124.)r

r Forest established by executive order of President Roosevelt, July 2, 1908,r from territory formerly part of the Sierra National Forest. By proclamationr of President Taft, July 1, 1910, Kern National Forest was established fromr the southern portion of Sequoia National Forest, and a portion of Sierra Nationalr Forest was transferred to Sequoia National Forest. (Official proclamations.)r

r Name sequoia given to coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) by Stephenr Endlicher in 1847, presumably as Latin form of Sequoya, or Sikwayi, the nativer name of George Gist (Guest, or Guess), a Cherokee half-breed, althoughr Endlicher did not state the source of the name. Sequoya invented an alphabetr and writing for Cherokee language; born in Tennessee about 1760, died inr Tamaulipas, Mexico, 1843. Name sequoia first applied to big tree byr J. Decaisne in 1854. (Jepson: Silva of California, 1910, pp. 127-128, 139;r Hodge: Handbook of American Indians, 1912, part 2, pp. 510-511; Ellsworth:r The Giant Sequoia, 1924, pp. 127-156.)r

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r Under subsequent acts (June 4, 1897, and February 7, 1905) the boundariesr were enlarged by proclamation of President Roosevelt, July 25, 1905. Furtherr additions made under name of Sierra National Forest by proclamation ofr President Roosevelt, April 20, 1909. Division by proclamation of Presidentr Roosevelt, July 2, 1908, by which the Sequoia, Inyo, Mono, and Stanislausr national forests were established, each receiving parts of Sierra Nationalr Forest, remaining portion continuing as Sierra National Forest. Proclamationr of President Taft, July 1, 1910, transferred additional lands in watershed ofr r r r South Fork of Kings River to Sequoia National Forest. (Official proclamations.)r

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r r r r r 1776 Pedro Font map was the first map that showed “Sierra Nevada.”r r (John Carter Brown Library; map not in Farquhar book)r r

r In April and May, 1776, Francisco Garcés visited Tulare Valley and usedr name Sierra San Marcos for southern portion of the present Sierra Nevada,r and on Pedro Font’s map of 1777 the whole range is for the first time clearlyr shown under designation of Sierra Nevada. (Elliott Coues:r On the Trail of a Spanish Pioneer, 1900,r I, pp. 265-305, especially, note 31 on pp. 291-292.)r

r “Looking eastward [from a hill near the junction of the Sacramento andr San Joaquin rivers, April, 1776], we saw on the other side of the plain andr about thirty leagues distant a great snow-covered range [una gran sierrar nevada], white from crest to foot. It lies about southeast and northwest, andr from the direction I made out for it, I judged that it possibly might have somer connection to the southward with the Sierra Nevada, which branches off fromr the Sierra Madre de California above the Puerto de San Carlos and runsr northwestward as far as the mission of San Gabriel and beyond. However,r we could not discern either end of the range.”r (The Anza Expedition of 1775-1776: Diary of Pedro Font,r edited by Frederick J. Teggart, inr Publications of the Academy of Pacific Coast History,r III:1, 1913, pp. 88-91.)r

r Earliest known crossing by white men was in May, 1827, when Jedediahr Strong Smith and two companions crossed from west to east on their wayr from the valley of California to Great Salt Lake. (H. C. Dale:r The Ashley-Smith Explorations,r 1918, pp. 191-194.—C. Hart Merriam:r First Crossing of the Sierra Nevada,r in S.C.B., 1923, XI:4, pp. 375-379.—r C. Hart Merriam, inr California Historical Society Quarterly, October, 1923, II:3, pp. 233-236, andr April, 1924, III:1, pp. 25-29.—r F. N. Fletcher:r Eastbound Route of Jedediah S. Smith, 1827, inr California Historical Society Quarterly, January, 1924, II:4,r pp. 344-349.—r F. P. Farquhar:r r Exploration of the Sierra Nevada, inr California Historical Society Quarterly, March, 1925, IV:1 p. 5.)r

r “Then it seemed to me the Sierra should be called not the Nevada, or Snowyr Range, but the Range of Light. And after ten years spent in the heart of it,r rejoicing and wondering, bathing in its glorious floods of, light, seeing ther sunbursts of morning among the icy peaks, the noonday radiance on the treesr and rocks and snow, the flush of the alpenglow, and a thousand dashing waterfallsr with their marvelous abundance of irised spray, it still seems to me abover all others the Range of Light, the most divinely beautiful of all the mountain-chainsr I have ever seen.” (Muir:r The Mountains of California,;r 1894, p. 3.)r

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r First ascent by Joseph N. Le Conte, James K. Moffitt, James S. Hutchinson,r Robert D. Pike, July 24, 1903. (S.C.B., 1904, V:1, pp. 13-14.)r

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r First ascent undoubtedly by members of the Survey, among whom werer William H. Brewer, Clarence King, James T. Gardiner, and Charles F. Hoffmann.r (Whitney Survey: Geology, 1865, pp. 376-377.) Climbed by S. L. N.r Ellis in 1876. (Mount Whitney Club Journal, 1902, no. 1, pp. 31-35.)r

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r Application for patent to 120 acres in this vicinity was made by S. M.r Simpson, 1898, and patent issued to him April 24, 1900, by State Land Office,r under act of State Legislature of March 24, 1893, contingent, however, uponr proof of condition of land under “Swamp and Overflow” Act of Congress ofr September 28, 1850. (Letter from Commissioner of the U. S. General landr Office, April 23, 1921.)r

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r Born in California, 1871; graduated U. S. Military Academy, second lieutenant,r 1893; first lieutenant, 1899; captain, 1901; major, 1916; lieutenant-colonel,r 194; colonel, 1920; brigadier general (temporary), 1918.r

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r Herbert Spencer, author of Principles of Philosophy, 1860-1896; born inr Derby, England, 1820; died in 1903.r

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r First ascent by Mrs. Helen M. Le Conte, Joseph N. Le Conte, Curtis M.r Lindley, July 23, 1902. (S.C.B., 1903, IV:4, p. 262.—See, also, S.C.B., 1922,r X:3, p. 314.)r

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r “In the angle formed by the Merced and the South Fork Cañon, and aboutr two miles south-southeast of Mount Broderick [Liberty Cap], is the highr point, called the ‘South Dome,’ and also, of later years, ‘Mount Starr King.’r This is the most symmetrical and beautiful of all the dome-shaped massesr around the Yosemite; but it is not visible from the valley itself. It exhibitsr the concentric structure of the granite on a grand scale; although its surfacer is generally smooth and unbroken. Its summit is absolutely inaccessible.”r (Whitney Survey: Geology, 1865, pp. 419-420.—See, also, Grace Greenwood—r New Life in New Lands, 1873, pp. 340-341.)r

r “Did time and opportunity permit, we might climb to its shoulder, andr thence obtain that magnificent view; but could not go beyond this withoutr jeopardizing life and limb. Less than a dozen persons have been able tor ascend it. The first to do so was Mr. George B. Bayley and Mr. E. S. Schuyler;r followed by George Anderson and the writer [J. M. Hutchings], a few daysr afterwards, who having attached ropes over difficult places, enabled Mrs. A. L.r Hutchings and our daughter Florence to ascend it, who were the first and onlyr ladies, at this writing, that have accomplished the difficult task.” (J. M.r Hutchings:r In the Heart of the Sierras,r 1886, p. 473.)r

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r Climbed by George R. Davis, July, 1905; perhaps the first ascent, althoughr it is easily reached from Taboose Pass. (Letter from Davis to W. L. Huber,r September 24, 1916.)r

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Place Names of the High Sierra (1926)
by Francis P. Farquhar

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r “The best instance of the Summit Upland on the west side of the basin isr that afforded by Table Mountain. This is clearly the remnant of a plateaur which has been, and is being, reduced in area by the encroachment upon it ofr the steep cliffs which encircle the mountain.” (Lawson:r The Geomorphogeny of the Upper Kern Basin, 1904, p. 309.)r

r First ascent by Paul Shoup, Fred Shoup, Gilbert Hassell, August 25, 1908—r (S.C.B., 1909, VII:1, p. 72; and Paul Shoup.)r

r “Here we found a summit different from any high mountain any of us hadr ever known in that it was comparatively flat, sloping, as I remember, gentlyr to the south, with a very considerable body of snow and ice a little north of ther center. Roughly we estimated the area as from seventy to eighty acres in extent.r Such loose rock as there was on top was in thin slab-like form, due, ofr course, to the erosion of wind and water. We found no evidence of anyoner else having visited the mountain.” (Letter from Paul Shoup, vice-president,r Southern Pacific Company, March 29, 1925.)r

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r Collected by John Jeffrey, of the Oregon Botanical Association, of Edinburgh,r in the Siskiyou mountains in 1852 and again near Walker’s Pass inr the Sierra Nevada in 1853; named for Andrew Murray, of Edinburgh. Alsor called Murray Pine, Pitch Pine, Red Pine. “In the Rocky Mountains it isr universally known as Lodgepole Pine, a name far preferable to the unfortunater folk-name, ‘Tamrac,’ accepted in California, since the latter suffers confusionr with the true Tamarack or eastern Larch.” (Jepson: Silva of California, 1910,r pp. 81-82.)r

r “We came to what I finally called ‘Tamarack Flat,’ although the appealingr looks of the grizzlies we met on their way through this pass to the Tuolumner caused me to hesitate before deciding upon the final baptism; the grizzliesr did not stay to urge any claim, and being affectionately drawn to the trees, wer named the camp ‘Tamarack Flat’.” (Bunnell:r Discovery of the Yosemite,r 1880, p. 316.)r

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r The valley was discovered by Frank Dusy in 1869. After several visits inr the next few years, he succeeded, 1879, in breaking a trail and getting animalsr down. On this occasion he took the first photograph ever made of the dome.r (L. A. Winchell.) Other accounts say that Dusy found evidence of formerr visitors. (Elliott:r Guide to the Grand and Sublime Scenery of the Sierra Nevada,r 1883, pp. 15-16.)r

r For early visits and descriptions, see: John Muir, in Century, November,r 1891, pp. 95-97; T. S. Solomons, in Overland, August, 1897, pp. 130-141;r J. M. Stillman, in S.C.B., 1897, II:1, pp. 44-49; notes in S.C.B., 1897, II:2,r pp. 106-110; Elesa M. Gremke, in Sunset, March, 1901, pp. 135-141;r Ernestine Winchell, in Out West, April, 1911, pp. 297-304.r

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r “In Lake Hollow, on the north side of the Hoffmann spur, immediatelyr above the great Tuolumne cañon, there are ten lovely lakelets lying near togetherr in one general hollow like eggs in a nest.” (Muir:r The Mountain Lakes of California, inr Scribners Monthly, January, 1879, p. 412; also, Muir:r The Mountains of California,;r 1894, p. 100.)r

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r First ascent, 1909, by Clarence H. Rhudy and H. F. Katzenbach. (S.C.B.,r 1919, X:4, p. 440.)r

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r “Three points which the Indians know as ‘Eleacha,’ named after a plantr much used for food, but which some lackadaisical person has given the commonplacer name of ‘The Three Brothers’!” (Hutchings:r r Scenes of Wonder and Curiosity in California,r 1860, p. 94. See, also, Hutchings:r In the Heart of the Sierras,r 1886, pp. 67, 395.)r

r “Wawhawke. The Three Brothers; said to mean ‘falling rocks.’ The usualr name given as that of the Three Brothers is ‘Pompomposus,’ equivalent tor ‘Kompopaise’ given by our interpreter as the name of the small rock a littler to the west of the Three Brothers. It was said to mean ‘Leaping Frog Rock.’r . . . The common idea is that the Indians imagined the mountains to be playingr ‘Leap Frog.’ It would remain, in that case, to show that the Indians practicer that, to us, familiar game; we have never caught them at it.” (Whitneyr Survey:r The Yosemite Book,r 1868, pp. 16-17.)r

r “Kom-pom-pe'sa, a low rock next west of Three Brothers. This is erroneouslyr spelled ‘Pompompasus,’ applied to Three Brothers, and interpretedr ‘Mountains playing leap-frog.’ The Indians know neither the word nor ther game.” (Powers:r r Tribes of California, in Contributions to North Americanr Ethnology, III, 1877, p. 363.)r

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r The mines of the Tioga District were discovered about 1878, although somer claims existed earlier. In 1881 the Great Sierra Consolidated Silver Miningr Company was incorporated by eastern capitalists. A post-office and town,r called Bennettville for the president of the company, were established. Suppliesr were hauled from Lundy. Operations were suspended in July, 1884, becauser of financial failure. (Eighth Annual Report of the State Mineralogist,r 1888, pp. 371-373.)r

r The road was built by the Great Sierra Consolidated Silver Mining Companyr in 1882 and 1883 at a cost of about $61,000; properly called “The Greatr Sierra Wagon Road”; abandoned soon after completion on account of closingr down of mines.r (Report of the Commission on Roads in Yosemite National Park, California,r dated December 4, 1899, Senate Document 155, 56th Congress,r 1st Session, 1900.) The road was purchased from successors of miningr company by private subscription in 1915 and donated to Federal Government.r

r “There is also another gap on the north side of Mount Dana, which is calledr MacLane’s Pass; it is about 600 feet lower than the Mono Pass, and has beenr examined, in behalf of the county, by a committee appointed to search out ar better route than the present one across the mountains, in this vicinity; whatr conclusion was arrived at we have not ascertained.” (Whitney Survey:r Geology, 1865, p. 434.)r

r Tioga Lake was formerly known as Lake Jessie Montrose. (Lieutenantr H. C. Benson’s map, 1896.)r

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r “Messrs. King and Gardner made several attempts to climb Castle Peakr [Tower Peak]; but did not succeed in getting to the top, although Mr. Goddardr thinks it can easily be reached from the north.” (Whitney Survey:r The Yosemite Book,r 1868, p. 85.)r

r “During the summer of 1870, however, this peak was reached and ascendedr from the north without any difficulty.” (Whitney:r Yosemite Guide Book,r pocket edition, 1871, p. 86—See, also, S.C.B., 1899, II:5, p. 282.)r

r The members of the Whitney Survey party who made the first ascent werer Charles F. Hoffmann, Alfred Craven, W. A. Goodyear. (Information fromr Alfred Craven, Pleasantville, N. Y., February, 1926.)r

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r “It is recorded that some time during 1773 Commandante Fages, while outr in search of deserters, crossed the sierra [Coast Range] eastward and saw anr r r r immense plain covered with tulares and a great lake. . . . This may be regardedr as the discovery of Tulare Valley.”r (Bancroft: History of California,r I, 1884, p. 197.)r

r Francisco Garcés was the first to explore the region of the tulares, 1776.r (Coues: On the Trail of a Spanish Pioneer,r 1900, I, pp. 251-252, 265-312.)r

r County created in 1852 from southern portion of Mariposa County; reducedr by formation of Fresno County, 1856; contributed territory to Inyor County, 1866, and Kern County, 1866, 1868; boundaries adjusted, 1872, 1874,r 1876; western portion organized as Kings County, 1893. (Coy:r California County Boundaries, 1923, pp. 282-287.)r

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r The pass and peak were named from the trail.r

r “The name is, as the ingenuous reader is presumed not to know, a Chineser ‘cuss-word’ of very vivacious connotation.” (T. S. Solomons:r Unexplored Regions of the High Sierras, in Overland, November, 1896, p. 517.)r

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r “Below this is another grassy field, and then the river enters a cañon, whichr is about twenty miles long, and probably inaccessible through its entire length;r at least we have never heard of its being explored, and it certainly cannot ber entered from its head. Mr. King followed the cañon down as far as he could,r r r r r to where the river precipitated itself down a grand fall, over a mass of rock sor rounded on the edge, that it was impossible to approach near enough to lookr over into the chasm below, the walls on each side being too steep to be climbed.r . . . Although we have not succeeded in getting into this cañon, it does notr follow that it cannot be done. Adventurous climbers, desirous of signalizingr themselves by new discoveries, should try to penetrate into this unknown gorge,r which may perhaps admit of being entered through some of the side cañonsr coming in from the north, and which must exhibit stupendous scenery. (Whitney:r The Yosemite Book,r 1868, p. 89.—Whitney:r Yosemite Guide Book,r 1870, pp. 99-100.)r

r “Sometime in August, in the year 1869, in following the river three or fourr miles below the Soda Springs, I obtained a partial view of the Great Tuolumner Cañon before I heard of its existence. The following winter I read what ther State Geologist wrote concerning it. . . . Since that time I have entered ther Great Cañon from the north by three different side-cañons, and have passedr through it from end to end. . . . without encountering any extraordinaryr difficulties. . . . At the head it is easily accessible on both sides.” (Muir:r The Great Tuolumne Cañon,r in Overland, August, 1873, p. 140.—Reprinted inr part in S.C.B., 1924, XII:1, but omitting this passage.)r

r The Whitney Survey explored the cañon in 1873, finding it not so inaccessibler as at first supposed. “It is to be regretted that it is not possible tor pass through the cañon with animals. . . . This will undoubtedly be done inr time, but considerable expenditure would be required to make a passable trail.”r (Whitney:r Yosemite Guide Book,r 1874, p. 154.)r

r A trail, passable for horses, has now been built from Tuolumne Meadows tor Pate Valley, connecting with a trail entering the cañon from the south.r For other explorations of Tuolumne Cañon, see: R. M. Price, in S.C.B.,r 1893, I:1, pp. 9-16; R. M. Price, in S.C.B., 1895, I:6, pp. 199-208; Jennie E.r Price, in S.C.B., 1898, II:3, pp. 174-184, with a note by John Muir; S. L.r Foster, in S.C.B., 1906, VI:1, pp. 56-58; John Muir, in S.C.B., 1910, VII:4, pp.r 216-218; T. S. Solomons, in Appalachia, November, 1896, VIII:2, pp. 164-179.r Tuolumne County, organized, 1850; valley portion organized as Stanislausr County, 1854, 1855; small portion contributed to Alpine County, 1864. (Coy:r California County Boundaries, 1923, pp. 288-290.)r

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r “When we reached the southwest front of the mountain we found that itsr general form was that of an immense horseshoe, the great eastern ridge formingr one side, and the spur which descended to our camp the other, we havingr r r r climbed up the outer part of the toe.” (Clarence King:r Mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada,r 1872, pp. 75, 81.)r

r John Tyndall (1820-1893); professor of natural philosophy, Royal Institution,r London, from 1853; author of many publications on physical science;r developed theory of fracture and regelation of glaciers; explored the Alps forr many years; first ascent of the Weisshorn, 1861; author of Glaciers of the Alps,r 1860, Hours of Exercise in the Alps, 1871.r

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Place Names of the High Sierra (1926)
by Francis P. Farquhar

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r First ascent by J. N. Le Conte, Helen M. Gompertz, Belle J. Miller, Esteller Miller, July 12, 1896. (S.C.B., 1897, II:2, pp. 83-84.)r

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Place Names of the High Sierra (1926)
by Francis P. Farquhar

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r “While gazing at its beauties, let us, now and forever, earnestly protestr against the perpetuation of any other nomenclature to this wonder thanr ‘Pi-wy-ack,’ the name which is given to it by the Indians, which means ‘ar shower of sparkling crystals,’ while ‘Vernal’ could, with much morer r r r appropriateness, be bestowed upon the name-giver, as the fall itself is one vast sheetr of sparkling brightness and snowy whiteness, in which there is not the slightestr approximation, even in the tint, to any thing ‘vernal’.” (Hutchings:r r Scenes of Wonder and Curiosity in California,r 1860, p. 113.)r

r “Pai-wai'ak (white water?), Vernal Fall. The common word for ‘water’r is kik'kuh, but a-wai'a means ‘a lake’ or body of water, in two languages.”r (Powers:r r Tribes of California, in Contributions to North American Ethnology,r III, 1877, p. 364.)r

r “Mr. Hutchings, in criticising the name Vernal, has misstated the Indianr name for this fall, furnished him by myself. . . . The name given by the Yosemitesr to the Ten-ie-ya branch of the Merced was unmistakably Py-we-ack.r This name has been transferred from its original locality by some romanticr preserver of Indian names. While passing over to Yan-o-pah, it was providedr with an entirely new signification. It is indeed a laughable idea for me to evenr suppose a worm- and acorn-eating Indian would ever attempt to construct ar name to mean ‘a shower of sparkling crystals’.” (Bunnell:r Discovery of the Yosemite,r 1880, p. 207.)r

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r (See Golden Trout Creek.)r

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Place Names of the High Sierra (1926)
by Francis P. Farquhar

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r Frederick Henry Wales (1845-1925), born in Massachusetts; corporal,r Massachusetts Volunteers in Civil War; graduated from Dartmouth, 1872;r Hartford Theological Seminary, 1875; came to California and resided inr Tulare County for many years as minister, editor of Alliance Messenger, andr farmer; accompanied W. B. Wallace and J. W. A. Wright on trip to Kernr River Cañon and Mount Whitney, 1881; maintained interest in Sierra for ar number of years. (Mount Whitney Club Journal, 1902, 1, pp. 1-17, 28—r Elliott:r Guide to the Grand and Sublime Scenery of the Sierra Nevada, 1883.r —Dartmouth College Catalogue.)r

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r Walker and his party, crossing the Sierra in 1833, were undoubtedly ther first white men to see Yosemite Valley and the big trees (Merced or Tuolumner Grove). (Narrative of Zenas Leonard,r Clearfield, Pennsylvania, 1839; republished,r Cleveland, 1904, pp. 170-181.) If Walker Lake at the foot of Bloodyr Cañon was named for Joseph R. Walker on the assumption that he passed thatr way, it is probably an error, as it seems most unlikely that he crossed by thatr route. (Farquhar:r r Exploration of the Sierra Nevada, inr California Historical Society Quarterly,r March, 1925, IV:1, pp. 6-8, portrait.—r Portraits also inr S.C.B., 1914, IX:3, plate LXXIV; S.C.B., 1925, XII:2, plate XLVII.)r

[Editor’s note:r today historians generally believe the Walker party looked down The Cascades,r which are just west of Yosemite Valley, instead of Yosemite Valley itself.—dea]r

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r William B. Wallace, born in Missouri, 1849; family came to California samer year; settled in Placerville; attended school in Sacramento County; graduatedr State Normal School; taught school in Sacramento, El Dorado, and Amadorr r r r counties; came to Tulare County, 1876, and settled in Visalia, 1891; admittedr to bar, 1882; district attorney, Tulare County, 1884-1886; judge of the Superiorr Court, Tulare County, since 1899; for many years visited the Kings, Kern, andr Kaweah regions of the High Sierra annually. (See, W. B. Wallace:r A Night on Mount Whitney,r in Mount Whitney Club Journal, May, 1902, pp. 1-12.)r

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r Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913), English scientist, who developed theoryr of evolution contemporaneously with Darwin.r

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r Shown on Hoffmann map, 1873, Wheeler Survey map, 1879, and Sierra Clubr maps (Le Conte), 1893, 1896, 1904. On U.S.G.S. map, Mariposa quadrangle,r edition of 1912, shown as Fresno Dome.r

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r In Whitney’sr Yosemite Guide Book,r pocket edition, 1871, p. 82, the latterr part of this passage was changed to read: “And it has become so firmlyr established here, that it is now impossible to transfer it back to its rightfulr ownership.” This refers to the present Dunderberg Peak. (Seer Dunderbergr andr Tower Peak.)r Meanwhile the name of Warren was placed on anotherr r r r peak nearer Mount Dana, where it now rests. The map by Hoffmann andr Gardiner, 1863-1867, issued with Whitney’sr Yosemite Guide Book,r 1870, showsr the name on its present location. From Whitney’s description it appears that inr 1867 he supposed the local name Castle Peak to be applicable to the presentr Mount Warren, but in 1870 discovered that it applied to the present Dunderberg.r This left his name Mount Warren undisturbed where he had originallyr placed it.r

r “Of the high peaks adjacent to Mount Dana, Mount Warren was ascendedr by Mr. Wackenreuder.” (Whitney:r The Yosemite Book,r 1868, p. 92;r Yosemite Guide Book,r 1870, p. 103;r Yosemite Guide Book,r pocket edition, 1871, p. 89.)r

r Gouverneur Kemble Warren; graduate of West Point, 1850; commissionedr in Engineer corps; distinguished in battle of Gettysburg; brevet major-generalr in Civil War; lieutenant-colonel in regular establishment, 1879; died 1882.r Wrote notable memoir of early western explorations, published inr Pacific Railroad Survey Reports, vol. XI, 1859.r

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r Watkins furnished illustrations for the Whitney Survey publications. (Whitneyr Survey: Geology, 1865, p. 408; Whitney:r The Yosemite Book,r 1868, p. 12.)r

r Indian name Waijau, meaning Pine Mountain. (Whitney:r Yosemite Guide Book,r 1870, p. 17.)r

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r Galen Clark built a cabin at this site on South Fork of Merced River, 1857,r known as Clark’s Station; Edwin Moore acquired half interest, 1869, afterr which it was known as Clark and Moore’s; purchased by Washburn brothersr (John S., Edward P., and Albert Henry), 1875, who erected Wawona Hotel.r (Clark:r Indians of the Yosemite Valley and Vicinity,r 1904, p. xii.—r R. S. Ellsworth.—The Giant Sequoia, 1924, pp. 40-45.)r

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r In July, 1864, a field party of the California State Geological Survey underr William H. Brewer, with Charles F. Hoffmann, James T. Gardiner, andr Clarence King, saw from Mount Brewer the main crest of the Sierra a fewr miles away. One peak they named Mount Tyndall. “The other high point,r eight miles south of Mount Tyndall, and, so far as known, the culminatingr peak of the Sierra, was named by the party Mount Whitney.” (Whitney Survey:r Geology, 1865, p. 382.)r

r “Whitney had forbidden his subordinates to name for him the mountainr which is now called after the Rev. Lorentine Hamilton. This time, in theirr chief’s absence, they stood upon their rights of discovery, and called their greatr peak, Mt. Whitney.” (Brewster: Life and Letters of Josiah Dwight Whitney,r 1909, p. 238.)r

r “For years our chief, Professor Whitney, has made brave campaigns into ther unknown realm of Nature. Against low prejudice and dull indifference he hasr led the survey of California onward to success. There stand for him twor monuments,—one a great report made by his own hand; another the loftiestr peak in the Union, begun for him in the planet’s youth and sculptured ofr enduring granite by the slow hand of time.” (Clarence King:r Mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada,r 1872, pp. 280-281.)r

r Clarence King attempted to reach the summit of Mount Whitney in 1864,r but failed by a few hundred feet. (Whitney Survey: Geology, 1865, pp.r 388-391.) In 1871, King climbed what he supposed to be Mount Whitney andr published an account of the ascent. (King:r Mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada,r 1872, pp. 264-281.) On July 27, 1873, W. A. Goodyear and M. W.r Belshaw rode mules to the summit of the supposed Mount Whitney and perceivedr that a peak a few miles north was higher. King, upon learning of hisr mistake, hastened to the Sierra and ascended the true Mount Whitney, onr September 19, 1873, but not before it had several times been ascended byr residents of Owens Valley. (King:r Mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada,r 4thr edition, 1874, pp. 281-297; James D. Hague, in Overland, November, 1873.)r

r First ascent, August 18, 1873, by John Lucas, Charles D. Begole, A. H.r Johnson, all of Inyo County. They endeavored unsuccessfully to affix ther name “Fisherman’s Peak.” (Wheeler:r U. S. Geographical Surveys West of the 100th Meridian,r I, Geographical Report, 1889, p. 100.)r

r Occupied by scientific party under Samuel Pierrepont Langley, of the Alleghenyr Observatory, August and September, 1881, for observations on solarr heat. (Langley:r Researches on Solar Heat. Professional Papers of the Signal Service,r no. XV, 1884.) Occupied by parties from Smithsonian Institution andr Lick Observatory, 1903, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1913. (S.C.B., 1904, V:2, pp. 87-97;r S.C.B., 1910, VII:3, pp. 141-148; Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution,r 1910, pp. 65-66.)r

r For other records, accounts, and discussions of ascents, see: W. A. Goodyear,r in Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 1873-1874, V, pp.r 139-144, 173-175.—W. A. Goodyear: letter to the editor ofr Inyo Independent,r July 30, 1888, reprinted in Eighth Annual Report of the State Mineralogist,r 1888, pp. 230-232.—Badè:r r Life and Letters of John Muir,r I, 1923, pp.r 392-396.—r W. C. Wyckhoff: Sunlight Mysteries, in Harper’s, June, 1883, pp.r 81-94.—Frank Adams:r Up Whitney by the Lone Pine Trail, in Sunset,r June-July, 1906, pp. 74-80.—r J. N. Le Conte: The High Sierra of California, inr Alpina Americana, no. 1, American Alpine Club, 1907.—Appalachia, January,r 1892, VI:4, pp. 285-288; May, 1903, X:2, pp. 135-142.—r Mount Whitney Club Journal,r Visalia, California, 1902, 1903, 1904, nos. 1, 2, 3.—r S.C.B., 1893, I:1,r pp. 1-8; 1896, I:7, pp. 290-292; 1903, IV:4, pp. 289-290; 1904, V:1, pp. 60-63r 1904, V:2, pp. 87-101, 138-139; 1905, V:3, pp. 258-260; 1905, V:4, pp. 316-317r 1909, VII:2, pp. 105-118; 1910, VII:3, pp. 141-148; 1910, VII:4, p. 248; 1911r VIII:2, pp. 137-138; 1922, XI:3, pp. 253-254.—r Farquhar:r r Exploration of the Sierra Nevada, inr California Historical Society Quarterly, March, 1925, IV:1,r pp. 32-36, 38.r

r “A military reservation of a certain number of legal subdivisions surroundingr this peak has been declared by authority of the President [Arthur] inr General Orders no. 67, of the War Department, September 26, 1883. It is understoodr that this reservation is for the purpose of securing the location for ar prospective Signal Service station.” (Wheeler:r U. S. Geographical Surveys West of the 100th Meridian, I, Geographical Reportr 1889, p. 101.—Map of proposed reservation, in Langley:r Researches on Solar Heat. Professional Papers of the Signal Service,r no. XV, 1884.)r

r Altitude determined in 1905 by R. B. Marshall, U.S.G.S., a fraction overr 14,501 feet. The highest point in the United States exclusive of Alaska.r (R. B. Marshall.)r

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r Robert Stockton Williamson (1824-1882); graduated U. S. Military Academy,r 1848, and commissioned in Topographical Engineers; first lieutenant,r 1856; captain, 1861; major of Engineers, 1863; lieutenant-colonel, 1869; inr charge of surveys in California for Pacific Railroad Survey, 1853, and inr northernr California and Oregon, 1855. (Pacific Railroad Survey Reports, XI, 1859,r pp. 74-75, 77-78.)r

r First ascent by William L. Hunter and C. Mulholland about 1884. (S.C.B.,r 1894, I:3, p. 87; S.C.B., 1922, XI:3, p. 253—See, also, S.C.B., 1894, I:3, pp.r 90-92; 1897, II:1, pp. 24-27; 1904, V:1, pp. 46-48; 1923, XI:4, p. 440; 1925,r XII:2, pp. 192-193; 1926, XII:3, p. 307.)r

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r In 1868, Elisha Cotton Winchell, of Millerton, gave the name Mount Winchell,r in honor of his cousin Alexander, to the point now known as Lookoutr Point, overlooking Kings River Cañon. (Daily Morning Call, San Francisco,r September 11, 1872.—S.C.B., 1926, XII:3, p. 245.) Unaware of prior use ofr the name by his father, Lilbourne Alsip Winchell gave it in 1879 to a peakr south of the Palisades. (L. A. Winchell, in letter to T. S. Solomons, 1896.)r The name was transposed by the U.S.G.S. to one of the peaks north of ther North Palisade.r

r First ascent by Harvey C. Mansfield, John M. Newell, Windsor B. Putnam,r June 10, 1923. (S.C.B., 1924, XII:1, pp. 90-91.)r

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r Climbed by Bolton Coit Brown, August, 1895. (S.C.B., 1896, I:8, pp. 295-298.)r

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r James William Albert Wright; A.B., Princeton, 1857; came to Californiar from southern states and settled in San Joaquin Valley; accompanied W. B.r Wallace and F. H. Wales to Kern River and Mount Whitney, 1881.r

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Place Names of the High Sierra (1926)
by Francis P. Farquhar

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